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The Hagiography of a Secular Saint: Alexander von Humboldt and the Scientism of the German Democratic Republic(WILEY, 2018-02)Throughout its existence, the German Democratic Republic attempted to supplant religious authority and beliefs by promoting a wissenschaftliche Weltanschauung that served as a secular alternative for metaphysical frameworks of understanding and cultural orientation. An integral part of this program of substitution was the Marxist‐Leninist rehabilitation of certain members of the German canon who best embodied the socialist and scientistic potential of the German cultural tradition. As a figure who stood at the forefront of this group, Alexander von Humboldt was reimagined by the East German cultural apparatus as a “spontaneous materialist,” an educator of the masses who fought on the side of the oppressed worldwide. This analysis elucidates the ways in which the East German cultural apparatus appropriated and reconfigured Humboldt to fit its needs, as well as how, more generally, the SED designed and implemented a scientistic worldview that continues to affect and shape culture in eastern Germany today.
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Predictors of sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnoea at baseline and after 6 months of continuous positive airway pressure therapyWe evaluated factors associated with subjective and objective sleepiness at baseline and after 6 months of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). We analysed data from the Apnoea Positive Pressure Long-term Efficacy Study (APPLES), a prospective 6-month multicentre randomised controlled trial with 1105 subjects with OSA, 558 of who were randomised to active CPAP. Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores and the mean sleep latency (MSL) on the maintenance of wakefulness test at baseline and after 6 months of CPAP therapy were recorded. Excessive sleepiness (ESS score > 10) was present in 543 (49.1%) participants. Younger age, presence of depression and higher apnoea-hypopnoea index were all associated with higher ESS scores and lower MSL. Randomisation to the CPAP group was associated with lower odds of sleepiness at 6 months. The prevalence of sleepiness was significantly lower in those using CPAP > 4 h center dot night(-1) versus using CPAP. <= 4 h center dot night(-1). Among those with good CPAP adherence, those with ESS > 10 at baseline had significantly higher odds (OR 8.2, p<0.001) of persistent subjective sleepiness. Lower average nightly CPAP use and presence of sleepiness at baseline were independently associated with excessive subjective and objective sleepiness after 6 months of CPAP therapy.
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Desvenlafaxine Versus Placebo in a Fluoxetine-Referenced Study of Children and Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder(MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2018-02)Objectives: To evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of desvenlafaxine (25-50mg/d) compared with placebo in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: Outpatient children (7-11 years) and adolescents (12-17 years) who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for MDD and had screening and baseline Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) total scores >40 were randomly assigned to 8-week treatment with placebo, desvenlafaxine (25, 35, or 50mg/d based on baseline weight), or fluoxetine (20mg/d). The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in CDRS-R total score at week 8, analyzed using a mixed-effects model for repeated measures. Secondary efficacy endpoints included week 8 Clinical Global Impressions-Severity, Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I), and response (CGI-I 2). Safety assessments included adverse events, physical and vital sign measurements, laboratory evaluations, electrocardiogram, and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale. Results: The safety population included 339 patients (children, n=130; adolescents, n=209). The primary endpoint, change from baseline in CDRS-R total score at week 8, did not statistically separate from placebo, for either desvenlafaxine (adjusted mean [standard error] change, -22.6 [1.17]) or fluoxetine (-24.8 [1.17]; placebo, -23.1 [1.18]). Week 8 CGI-I response rates were significantly greater for fluoxetine (78.2%; p=0.017) than for placebo (62.6%); desvenlafaxine (68.7%) did not differ from placebo. Other secondary outcomes were consistent with those obtained with CDRS-R. Rates of treatment-emergent adverse events were comparable among treatment groups (desvenlafaxine, 60.0%; placebo, 70.5%; and fluoxetine, 64.3%). Conclusion: Desvenlafaxine did not demonstrate efficacy for treating MDD in children and adolescents in this trial. Because neither desvenlafaxine nor the reference medication, fluoxetine, demonstrated a statistically significant difference from placebo on the primary endpoint, this was considered a failed trial and no efficacy conclusions can be drawn. Desvenlafaxine 25-50mg/d was generally safe and well tolerated in children and adolescents in this study.
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Differential release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens evoked by low-versus high-frequency medial prefrontal cortex stimulationThe medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) coordinates goal-directed behaviors, which may be mediated through mPFC regulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Furthermore, frequency-specific oscillatory activity between the frontal cortex and downstream structures may facilitate interregion communication. Although high-frequency (e.g., 60 Hz) mPFC stimulation is known to increase basal dopamine levels in the NAc, little is known about how phasic dopamine release is affected by mPFC stimulation. Understanding the frequency-specific control of phasic dopamine release by mPFC stimulation could elucidate mechanisms by which the mPFC modulates other regions. It could also inform optimization of deep brain stimulation for treatment of neurological disorders. Objective: The goal of this work was to characterize the frequency response of NAc dopamine release resultant from mPFC stimulation. We hypothesized that the magnitude of dopamine release in the NAc would increase with increasing stimulation frequency. Methods: Electrical stimulation of the mPFC of anesthetized rats was delivered at 4-60 Hz and at varying durations while measuring NAc dopamine release with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Results: mPFC stimulation resulted in phasic dopamine release in the NAc. Furthermore, 20 Hz stimulation evoked the largest peak response for stimulation intervals > 5 s when compared to higher or lower frequencies. Conclusions: Activation of the mPFC drives dopamine release in the NAc in a complex frequency- and duration-dependent manner. This has implications for the use of deep brain stimulation treatment of disorders marked by dopaminergic dysregulation, and suggest that mPFC may exert more specialized control over neuromodulator release than previously understood. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc.
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A gender- and culturally-sensitive weight loss intervention for Hispanic males: The ANIMO randomized controlled trial pilot study protocol and recruitment methods(ELSEVIER INC, 2018-03)Hispanic men have the highest rates of overweight and obesity when compared to men of other racial/ethnic groups, placing them at increased risk for obesity-related disease. Yet, Hispanic men are grossly under-represented in weight loss research. Tailored intervention strategies to improve obesity treatment programs for this vulnerable racial/ethnic subgroup are needed. This manuscript describes recruitment strategies, methodology, and participant characteristics of the ANIMO study, a 24-week randomized controlled pilot trial testing the effects of a gender-and culturally-sensitive weight loss intervention (GCSWLI) on body weight in Hispanic men compared to a wait-list control condition. The ANIMO study included two phases. The first phase was a 12-week GCSWLI. Participants attended weekly in-person individual sessions guided by a trained bilingual Hispanic male lifestyle coach, were prescribed a daily reduced calorie goal, and 225 min of moderate-intensity physical activity per week. In the second phase, GCSWLI participants received bi-weekly phone calls across a 12-week follow-up. Wait-list control (WLC) participants from phase 1 received the GCSWLI plus mobile health technology support. Recruitment strategies included face-to-face efforts at a swap meet (outdoor marketplace), family/friend referrals, printed advertisements and social media. Recruitment, screening, and participant enrollment occurred over three months. Overall, 143 men expressed interest in participation. Of these, 115 were screened and 78% (n=90) were eligible to participate; 45% of enrolled participants (n=52) completed baseline assessments and 43% (n=50) were randomized (mean age of 43.3 +/- 11.4 years; BMI: 34.1 +/- 5.3 kg/m(2); 58% Spanish monolingual). Parameter estimates from ANIMO will support future adequately powered trials for this health disparate population.
