Multiplication is one of the major bottlenecks in most digital computing and signal processing systems, which depends on the word size to be executed. This paper presents three deferent designs for three-operand 4-bit multiplier for positive integer multiplication, and compares them in regard to timing, dynamic power, and area with classical method of multiplication performed on today architects. The three-operand 4-bit multipliers structure introduced, serves as a building block for three-operand multipliers in general

In this paper the concept of dynamic particle swarm optimization is introduced. The dynamic PSO is different from the existing PSO’s and some local version of PSO in terms of swarm size and topology. Experiment conducted for benchmark functions of single objective optimization problem, which shows the better performance rather the basic PSO. The paper also contains the comparative analysis for Simple PSO and Dynamic PSO which shows the better result for dynamic PSO rather than simple PSO.

Software can be tested either manually or automatically. The two approaches are complementary: automated testing can perform a huge number of tests in short time or period, whereas manual testing uses the knowledge of the testing engineer to target testing to the parts of the system that are assumed to be more error-prone. Despite this contemporary, tools for manual and automatic testing are usually different, leading to decreased productivity and reliability of the testing process. Auto Test is a testing tool that provides a “best of both worlds” strategy: it integrates developers’ test cases into an automated process of systematic contractdriven testing. This allows it to combine the benefits of both approaches while keeping a simple interface, and to treat the two types of tests in a unified fashion: evaluation of results is the same, coverage measures are added up, and both types of tests can be saved in the same format. The objective of this paper is to discuss the Importance of Automation tool with associate to software testing techniques in software engineering. In this paper we provide introduction of software testing and describe the CASE tools. The solution of this problem leads to the new approach of software development known as software testing in the IT world. Software Test Automation is the process of automating the steps of manual test cases using an automation tool or utility to shorten the testing life cycle with respect to time.

Wireless sensor network is a special form of wireless networks dedicated to surveillance and monitoring applications Reliability in wireless sensor network is application specific. The specific form of reliability might change from application to application. Our idea is to generate reliability based transport protocol that is customizable to meet the needs of emerging reliable data applications in sensor networks and is also adaptive when the nodes are mobile. In our approach, clusters are formed for minimizing energy dissipation. The nodes maintain a neighbor list to forward data and any changes in the local topology can trigger updates to a node’s neighbor list. If a node notices that its neighbor list has changed, it can spontaneously re-advertise all of its data thus providing reliable transport in mobility conditions also. Our approach has five phases-setup, relaying, relay initiated error recovery, selective status reporting and node supervising. Our simulation results prove that the proposed approach can outperform existing related techniques and is highly responsive to the various error and mobility conditions experienced in sensor networks.

Advances in sensor technology, personal mobile devices, and wireless broadband communications are enabling the development of an integrated personal mobile health monitoring system that can provide patients with a useful tool to assess their own health and manage their personal health information anytime and anywhere. Personal mobile devices, such as PDAs and mobile phones, are becoming more powerful integrated information management tools and play a major role in many people's lives. Here I focus on designing a Mobile health-monitoring system for people who stay alone at home or suffering from Heart Disease. This system presents a complete unified and mobile platform based connectivity solution for unobtrusive health monitoring. Developing a hardware which will sense heart rate and temperature of a patient, using Bluetooth modem all information lively transmitted to smart phone, from smart phone all information transmitted to server using GPRS. At server the received data compared with the standard threshold minimum and maximum value. The normal range of heart rate is 60 to 135 and the temperature of the patient is said to be normal above 95^F and below 104^F. If at all the rate increases above 145 or decreases below 55,it may be fatal and if it crossed this threshold limit then SMS will be sent to the relative of patient and Doctors along with measured values. The build-in GPS further provides the position information of the monitored person. The remote server not only collects physiological measurements but also tracks the position of the monitored person in real time. For transmitting data from Smartphone to the server using GPRS, here we need to create a website on data will be continuously transmitted from Smartphone to the website and from website data will be downloaded continuously on the server. Thus the system helps in tracking down the patient without getting the patient into any sort of communication. Undue mishaps can be avoided within the golden hours after a patient is struck with a heart attack.

Accurate cost estimation of software projects is one of the most desired capabilities in software development Process. Accurate cost estimates not only help the customer make successful investments but also assist the software project manager in coming up with appropriate plans for the project and making reasonable decisions during the project execution. Although there have been reports that software maintenance accounts for the majority of the software total cost, the software estimation research has focused considerably on new development and much less on maintenance. Now if we talk about real time software system(RTSS) development cost estimation and maintenance cost estimation is not much differ from simple software but some critical factor are considered for RTSS development and maintenance like response time of software for input and processing time to give correct output. As like simple software maintenance cost estimation existing models (i.e. Modified COCOMO-II) can be used but after inclusion of some critical parameters related to RTSS. A Hypothetical Expert input and an industry data set of eighty completed software maintenance projects were used to build the model for RTSS maintenance cost. The full model, which was derived through the Bayesian analysis, yields effort estimates within 30% of the actual 51% of the time,outperforming the original COCOMO II model when it was used to estimate theseprojects by 34%. Further performance improvement was obtained when calibrating the full model to each individual program, generating effort estimates within 30% of the actual 80% of the time.

Water is an essential resource in the earth. It is also essential for irrigation, so irrigation technique is essential for agriculture. To irrigate large area of lands is a tedious process. In our country farmers are not following proper irrigation techniques. Currently, most of the irrigation scheduling systems and their corresponding automated tools are in fixed rate. Variable rate irrigation is very essential not only for the improvement of irrigation system but also to save water resource for future purpose. Most of the irrigation controllers are ON/OFF Model. These controllers cannot give optimal results for varying time delays and system parameters. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based intelligent control system is used for effective irrigation scheduling in paddy fields. The input parameters like air, temperature, soil moisture, radiations and humidity are modeled. Using appropriate method, ecological conditions, Evapotranspiration, various growing stages of crops are considered and based on that the amount of water required for irrigation is estimated. Using this existing ANN based intelligent control system, the water saving procedure in paddy field can be achieved. This model will lead to avoid flood in paddy field during the rainy seasons and save that water for future purposes.

A digital signature is an important public-key primitive that performs the function of conventional handwritten signatures for entity authentication, data integrity, and non-repudiation, especially within the electronic commerce environment. Currently, most conventional digital signature schemes are based on mathematical hard problems. These mathematical algorithms require computers to perform the heavy and complex computations to generate and verify the keys and signatures. In 1995, Naor and Shamir proposed a visual cryptography (VC) for binary images. VC has high security and requires simple computations. The purpose of this thesis is to provide an alternative to the current digital signature technology. We introduce a new digital signature scheme based on the concept of a non-expansion visual cryptography. A visual digital signature scheme is a method to enable visual verification of the authenticity of an image in an insecure environment without the need to perform any complex computations. We proposed scheme generates visual shares and manipulates them using the simple Boolean operations OR rather than generating and computing large and long random integer values as in the conventional digital signature schemes currently in use.