Animal Systems
ABOUT THE COLLECTION
Arizona Cooperative Extension is an outreach arm of The University of Arizona and the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS). The repository collection includes current and historical Extension publications on these topics: Animal Systems; Consumer Education; Farm Management and Safety; Food Safety, Nutrition and Health; Gardening/Home Horticulture; Insects and Pest Management; Marketing and Retailing; Natural Resources and Environment; Plant Diseases; Plant Production/Crops; Water; and Youth and Family. Current publications are also available from the Cooperative Extension Publications website.
QUESTIONS?
Contact College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Publications at pubs@cals.arizona.edu.
Recent Submissions
-
Foundations of Virtual Fencing: Training and Animal WelfareIn Arizona and other western states, ranchers and land managers rely on thousands of miles of permanent wire fencing to manage livestock on extensive rangelands (Hayter 1939; Netz 2004). This type of fencing has improved rangeland conditions in many places by aiding in the application of grazing systems (Holecheck et al. 2011). However, wire fencing can fragment landscape connectivity, pose a risk to wildlife, and is a major financial investment. Moreover, it offers limited flexibility in adjusting pasture size, actively manipulating grazing distribution, or avoiding high-use areas or sensitive habitats within a pasture (Jakes et al. 2018).
-
Foundations of Virtual Fencing: The Vital Role of High-Quality GIS DataIn Arizona and other western states, ranchers and land managers rely on thousands of miles of permanent wire fencing to manage livestock on extensive rangelands(Hayter, 1939). This type of fencing has led to improved rangeland conditions in many places by aiding in the application of grazing systems. However, wire fencing can fragment landscape connectivity, pose a risk to wildlife, is a major financial investment, and provides little to no flexibility to rapidly change pasture size, manipulate grazing distribution, or avoid areas of high use or sensitive habitat within a pasture (Holechek et al., 2011; Jakes et al., 2018). As a result, there are constraints on the use of permanent fences as a tool for managing riparian health, post-fire vegetation recovery, or improving livestock distribution. While electric fencing can be used to address some of these problems (Barnes and Howell, 2013), electric fencing can be hard to implement across large pastures and requires a significant time investment to setup and move. Virtual fence (VF) technology is an emerging precision livestock management tool used to address these limitations and increase management flexibility and adaptive capacity to respond to changing.
-
What is Virtual Fence? Basics of a Virtual Fencing SystemIn Arizona and other western states, ranchers and land managers rely on thousands of miles of permanent wire fencing to manage livestock on rangelands. Patented in 1874, this type of fencing has been widely used to control the timing and distribution of livestock grazing across the landscape (Ray and Schamel 1997). When combined with modern rangeland management principles, the use of wire fencing has led to improved rangeland condition in many places by aiding in the application of grazing systems (Holecheck et al. 2011). However, permanent fencing also results in significant management limitations. Wire fencing can fragment landscape connectivity, pose a risk to wildlife, and can be a major financial investment for ranchers and land management agencies to establish and maintain (Jakes et al. 2018). Additionally, permanent fences provide little to no flexibility to rapidly change pasture size, manipulate grazing distribution, or avoid areas of high use or sensitive habitat within a pasture. As a result, there are constraints on the use of permanent fences as a tool for managing riparian health, post-fire vegetation recovery, or improving livestock distribution. Precision livestock management technologies have emerged in recent years to address these limitations and increase management flexibility and adaptive capacity to respond to changing environmental conditions as part of a larger grazing management system that balances economic and ecological outcomes (Trotter 2010; di Virgilio et al. 2018; Lima et al. 2018). Virtual fencing is one such technology.
-
The Brown Dog Tick and Epidemic Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Arizona and northwestern MexicoThe brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus, has a worldwide distribution and is found throughout the United States (US) and Mexico. This tick is driving epidemics of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in Arizona and northwest Mexico. As the name suggests, the tick mainly takes blood meals from dogs, but it will also feed on humans and other mammals, and can carry serious disease causing pathogens. In the early 2000’s it was found to transmit Rickettsia rickettsii, (a gram-negative, intracellular, coccobacillus bacterium) that causes RMSF in Arizona. This was the first time this tick species has been associated with the disease in the US (Demma et al. 2005). Similar outbreaks occurred at the same time in Sonora and more recently in Baja California (Alvarez- Hernandez et al. 2017).
-
4-H Project Essentials - Livestock Feeding Glossary of TermsThis resource is intended to give 4-H leaders, youth, and families an overview of key terminology involved in the feeding of livestock.
-
A Guide to the Hormones Used in Cattle Estrus Synchronization for Artificial InseminationThe University of Arizona hosts several Artificial Insemination (A.I.) clinics for cattle producers each year.One of the most common points of confusion for producers navigating the A.I. process is understanding estrus synchronization and determining which products are equivalent to each other across manufacturers. This fact sheet is provided as a guide to help identify equivalent estrus synchronization products across major brands, it is not intended to promote any specific brand or product. The University of Arizona does not endorse any specific product and recommends users do their own research and work with their veterinarian to determine which products are appropriate for them and their operation.
-
Arizona 4-H Livestock Judging: Program Overview4-H Livestock judging is a great program opportunity where youth can strengthen their decision-making abilities, grow communication skills, and develop sound critical thinking and articulate reasoning. Youth that excel in livestock judging cultivate an ethic of research, practice, and work hard to communicate clearly and concisely to judges and peers. Livestock judging is a competitive event centered around the visual evaluation of an animal’s physical traits and at times performance data. The goal is to compare and contrast four animals in a class against each other as well as the “ideal” animal.
-
Best Practices for Healthy HorsekeepingBiosecurity Basics: A New Perspective Post Pandemic. Whoever imagined that a worldwide pandemic would help highlight the value and importance of horse disease prevention processes/practices and biosecurity? Some have compared our covid pandemic experience to “The Great Epizootic”, an equine disease outbreak that brought our nation to its horse-drawn knees in 1872 (Moates, 2020). Previously, biosecurity education in the horse world was often met with the “teenage eye roll” reaction, or comments, such as “It will never happen to me”, but since COVID-19, knowledge and understanding of disease prevention has improved. Many people have been directly or indirectly affected/impacted by illness, loss of loved ones, canceled events, and quarantines. Regardless of personal views on the response to the pandemic, very few people would not be able to rattle off “wash your hands, don’t touch your face, and social distance”. One key difference between humans and horses is that horses don't have the ability to make their own decisions about biosecurity. Human caretakers can help set horses up for success or failure.
-
Honeybee Series: Fall and Winter Management of Honeybees in ArizonaIf you have taken good care of your bees through the summer, and cooler Fall temperatures are now here, you have a new focus for success in the Fall. Usually, your hives are all equal strength, Varroa mite numbers are low, and the honey harvest is over so all honey supers should have been pulled off the hives as well as queen excluders. Now is the time to allow your bees to fill the two bottom brood boxes with honey and bee bread in preparation for winter survival, as well as raise fat bees that are better suited to live longer during the winter months.
-
Honeybee Series: Feeding Your BeesYes, bees have survived for thousands of years without human intervention, but for the Beekeeper who wants to be successful raising bees, sometimes your bees will need supplemental feed. Maybe you have your hives located where there aren’t enough floral resources available year-round to sustain the colony. Maybe the weather is too cold, wet or windy for a long time and colony resources are depleted. Maybe you’ve just installed a swarm into a new hive. All of these instances are good reasons to supplement the naturally available floral resources with feed.
-
Honeybee Series: Getting ready for your first HiveEvery beekeeper should make a goal to have both healthy and productive hives. The most important step to achieve this goal is lifelong learning. Research is ongoing and constantly updating the current best practices, so the successful beekeeper needs to develop connections to keep up to date with the latest and greatest discoveries, and how they affect your existing practices. Join a local beekeeping club, subscribe to a beekeeping journal, or follow your local beekeeping organization on social media.
-
Honeybee Series: Harvesting Honey in ArizonaFor new beekeepers starting out, the investment in an extractor can be over your budget. For this reason, it is a great idea to be a member of your local Beekeeper club where they often let members borrow the club extractor. You can also find other beekeepers that live close to you that will allow you to come borrow their extracting equipment. Good extractors can make quick work out of the harvesting task. If you are going to harvest several times a year to produce specialty monofloral honeys, you should consider purchasing your own extractor and setting up a honey kitchen.
-
Honeybee Series: Honeybee Basic BiologyWhile there are 20,000 species of bees in the world, only 7 to 10 produce honey. Most of these species are solitary bees. Of those 7 to 10 that produce honey, only a few produce more honey than they need for their colony. Apis mellifera is the most common of the domesticated species which is used around the world for honey production and pollination services. Within this species there are several races. Each race has traits that make them better suited to different situations.
-
Honeybee Series: Honeybee Pollination in ArizonaPollination is the process of sexual propagation by angiosperms which involves combining the male pollen with the female ovule and intermixing the genes to create offspring. Flowers can have male parts, female parts or most common, both. The male part of the flower is called the anther, and on the tip of the stamen is where the pollen grains are produced. The female part of the flower is called the pistil and has the stigma and ovule (where the seeds are formed). Each species of plants has a unique form and shape of pollen, and only compatible pollen can successfully pollinate the flower. The transfer of pollen grain from the stamen to the pistil and eventually the ovule is pollination. Flowers are what develop into fruits and vegetables for our food supply and give us seed to grow more plants. This important work is carried on by many insects, but the honeybee is exceptional because of their willingness to pollinate so many types of flowers, and our ability to manage their colonies and move them to the location of where we need pollination to occur.
-
Honeybee Series: Inside the ColonyEach member of the honeybee colony has specific duties they perform in the hive. The queen is mainly to lay eggs and the drones are specifically to mate with a virgin queen of another hive. The workers do all the rest of the labor needed to keep the hive functioning. Generally, inside bees are younger and outside bees are older. They can perform any of the roles needed in an emergency, but they generally follow a progression of duties. This progression can be interrupted by the queen not laying, so nurse bees would not be necessary, or as in the case of a swarm, all bees turn to foraging or making honeycomb to build a new hive. If all the young worker bees were killed, the foragers could reactivate their food glands and wax glands. If all the foragers were killed, the young bees could learn to become foragers in a short time.
-
Honeybee Series: Working the HiveOnce you have installed a package, nuc, or swarm into your hive box, you will need to inspect them on a regular basis. Every time you open the hive you should already have a purpose and goal in mind for that inspection. You should also make sure to have all the necessary equipment and supplies you will need to achieve your goal. That doesn’t mean that things won’t change once you start your inspection but having a clear purpose will help you keep your time in the hive to a minimum. As you start your inspection or task move slowly and carefully trying not to roll or crush bees. Only do inspections when it is warmer than 55˚F outside. In the low desert of Arizona, bees can be worked most of the year. In higher elevations you will want to stay out of the hives when temperatures drop below 55 degrees F.
-
Honeybee Series: Spring and Summer Management of HoneybeesFor successful Spring management of your honeybee colony, there had to be successful Fall and Winter management as each affects the other. Springtime for honeybees begins much earlier than we might think it does, especially in the low desert of Arizona.