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    Laboratory measurements of the single-scattering properties of ammonia ice crystals.

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    Author
    Pope, Shelly Kay.
    Issue Date
    1991
    Keywords
    Dissertations, Academic
    Atmoshperic physics
    Astrophysics.
    Advisor
    Tomasko, Martin
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Publisher
    The University of Arizona.
    Rights
    Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.
    Abstract
    This work presents scattering measurements and photographs of ammonia ice crystals grown at temperatures from 130 to 180 Kelvins. The prime candidate for the material making up the visible clouds of Jupiter and Saturn is ammonia ice. Spacecraft observations of these planets have constrained the single-scattering properties of the cloud particles. To further investigate the nature of these particles, ammonia ice crystals were grown under conditions simulating the atmosphere of Jupiter and Saturn. The experimental apparatus used to make these measurements includes a glass-walled cylindrical chamber which permits measurement of the scattered light over a wide range of scattering angles and a temperature control system which uses a liquid nitrogen reservoir combined with heaters. The chamber is illuminated by a tungsten lamp through a rapidly spinning filter/polarizer wheel which yields measurements of intensity and linear polarization in each of three colors. A photographic record of the crystals is obtained with a microscope objective, and six linear array detectors measure the scattered light. A variety of crystal shapes and phase functions were seen. A representative selection of scattering measurements and photographs are presented. The data do not resemble theoretical calculations for ammonia cubes, tetrahedra, or octahedra. They do appear similar to microwave analog measurements of the scattering properties of a mix of particle shapes as well as of fluffy particles. The ammonia measurements fall into two groups: one has wavelength-dependent polarization and for size parameters up to about seven the scattering properties can be fit by Mie theory. The second group has wavelength-independent phase functions, implying size parameters of 10 to 50, and has a characteristic signature of polarization varying from -10% to +10%. The data can be used to rule out some models for Jupiter's and Saturn's atmospheres and to guide future modelling efforts. For Jupiter, models with a cloud of ammonia crystals of size parameter equal to about 5 (in the red) are suggested. For Saturn, a model is suggested that has a thin layer of small ammonia crystals (in the Mie range) over a thicker ammonia cloud with the wavelength-independent polarization that is characteristic of larger crystals.
    Type
    text
    Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic)
    Degree Name
    Ph.D.
    Degree Level
    doctoral
    Degree Program
    Planetary Sciences
    Graduate College
    Degree Grantor
    University of Arizona
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    Dissertations

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