Avian utilization of desert waterholes

Abstract

During the summer of 1965 three waterholes were observed in southern Arizona to see how they were utilized by the avifauna of the surrounding areas. Some species of birds, such as the White-winged Dove and Mourning Dove, were constant visitors at the waterholes and require free water to survive in their desert habitat. Other desert species, such as the Verdin, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher, and Cactus Wren, are not dependent upon this free water for their survival. A number of transient birds use waterholes while migrating through the area. Temperature influences the doves' utilization of the waterholes. During cool periods they do not appear to visit free water as often as during hot periods. Rainfall causes a marked decrease in the number of birds drinking at the waterholes. The birds are then apparently utilizing pothole water. White-winged Doves and Mourning Doves will water frequently, probably every day. Individual doves will sometimes drink as often as three or four times in one day; most drink only once or twice in the same day. They will utilize more than one waterhole and may travel as far as twelve miles to reach water.