A Regulatory Role for ATM in Suppression of Mre11-Dependent DNA Degradation and Microhomology-Mediated End Joining

Abstract

ATM is the defective kinase in the neurodegenerative disorder ataxia telangiectasia. This kinase is associated with DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and cell cycle control. Our laboratory previously demonstrated elevated levels of deletions and error-prone double-strand break repair via microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) in ATM-deficient (A-T) extracts when compared to controls (wtATM+). To assess the involvement of enhanced nuclease activities in A-T extracts we studied the stability of DNA duplex substrates in A-T and control nuclear extracts under DSB repair conditions. We observed a marked shift in detection from full-length products to shorter products in A-T extracts. Addition of purified ATM to A-T nuclear extracts restored full-length product detection. This repression of degradation by ATM was dependent on its kinase activities. These results demonstrated a role for ATM in suppressing the degradation of DNA ends possibly through inhibiting nucleases implicated in MMEJ such as Mre11. Therefore, we assessed DNA end-stability in Mre11-depleted nuclear extracts and in extracts treated with the Mre11 nuclease inhibitor, Mirin. This resulted in decreased DNA degradation in both control and A-T extracts. Knockdown of Mre11 levels also led to an enhancement of DNA end-stability in nuclear extracts. Examining MMEJ levels by employing an in vivo reporter assay system revealed a decline in this pathway in Mre11-knockdown cells and in those treated with Mirin. These results signify a role for the Mre11 nuclease in MMEJ in mammalian cells and indicate a regulatory function for ATM in the control of error-prone DSB repair and preservation of DNA end-stability at a break.