• Seeking Solutions to Traffic Congestion in Surco, Lima

  Mesones Quesada, Alejandra; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Bernal, Sandra; Apanovich, Nataliya; Bernal, Sandra (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  Traffic congestion in Surco has become a serious issue due to rapid urban growth, limited infrastructure, and insufficient public transportation options. Most residents face daily commutes that take over an hour, causing frustration, lost productivity, and reduced quality of life. The lack of proper bike lanes and well-maintained sidewalks forces many people to rely on private cars for even short trips, worsening traffic jams and increasing pollution. This research examines the main causes of traffic problems and suggests practical solutions to improve mobility and make daily travel more efficient. The main objective of is to propose practical solutions to address traffic congestion on four major avenues in Surco. These solutions focus on encouraging the use of bicycles by developing better bike lanes infrastructure and enhancing public transportation to make it more efficient and accessible. By prioritizing these sustainable modes of transport, the research aims to reduce the reliance on private vehicles, improve mobility, and create a safer and more inclusive urban environment for all residents and commuters.
• Enhancing urban sustainability and social inclusion through basketball infrastructure in Lima centro

  Arrestegui Cahuana, Valeria; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Bernal, Sandra; Apanovich, Nataliya; Bernal, Sandra (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  Basketball infrastructure has the potential to address urban challenges by fostering social inclusion, sustainability, and community resilience. In Lima Centro, inadequate sports facilities, coupled with limited public spaces and social inequalities, have hindered the development of basketball as a tool for urban transformation. Currently, only 40% of Lima Basketball League teams are based in this area, reflecting disparities in resource distribution and accessibility. This research explores how basketball infrastructure can foster sustainable urban environments and promote social inclusion. A mixed-methods approach was applied, incorporating case studies of successful initiatives in Latin America, a survey of Lima Centro residents and basketball players to assess needs and perceptions and a SWOT analysis to evaluate the internal and external factors influencing basketball infrastructure development. The analysis revealed that well-designed basketball facilities can enhance social cohesion, stimulate local economies, and reduce environmental impact. Key factors include integrating community participation and adopting sustainable construction practices. These findings suggest that basketball courts, beyond serving as recreational spaces, can function as catalysts for broader urban revitalization. By aligning sports infrastructure development with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 10 and 11, this research provides actionable insights for urban planners and policymakers seeking to address social and environmental challenges in densely populated urban areas like Lima Centro. Findings highlight that basketball courts, when integrated with sustainable urban planning principles, can enhance social cohesion, promote physical activity, and stimulate local economies. This research highlights the importance of accessible, inclusive, and environmentally responsible sports infrastructure as a catalyst of sustainable urban development in Lima Centro.
• Impact Of The Wall Of Shame On Mobility

  Castro, Luciana; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Apanovich, Nataliya; Apanovich, Nataliya; Bernal, Sandra (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  Lima's history has been marked by significant demographic shifts, beginning with Spanish colonization, followed by internal migration, and more recently, Venezuelan immigration. This rapid urban growth has put immense pressure on the city's infrastructure and basic services, triggering different policy responses. One particularly striking example of this urban evolution is the "Wall of Shame," a 10-kilometer barrier separating the poor district of Villa María del Triunfo from the affluent district of La Molina. This physical division has had profound consequences for the residents on both sides, particularly in terms of mobility and access to opportunities. Through interviews with residents and a detailed analysis of the area, this research shows the disparities between the two sides of the wall. Residents in Villa María del Triunfo face numerous challenges in accessing essential services, employment opportunities, and public transportation due to the physical and social barriers imposed by the wall. The limited mobility of these residents significantly impacts their quality of life and restricts their ability to participate fully in society. Beyond the physical impact of the wall, it also created a psychological divide, fostering feelings of isolation and marginalization among the residents of Villa María del Triunfo. This social segregation reinforces existing inequalities and makes even more difficult promoting social cohesion and urban integration.
• A Comparative Study Between Two Districts in Lima, Peru: A Case for Equitable Green Space Distribution

  Merma Facundo, Danitza Dellanira; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Apanovich, Nataliya; Apanovich, Nataliya; Bernal, Sandra (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  This study examines the disparities in green space access and quality between two districts in Lima, Peru: Santiago de Surco, characterized by organized urban planning and substantial green infrastructure, and Villa María del Triunfo, which faces challenges due to informal growth and limited public investment. Through a mixed-method approach—including spatial analysis, field observations, and resident interviews—the research identifies critical inequities in green area distribution, infrastructure quality, and safety. Findings reveal that while Surco benefits from well-maintained parks and equitable green space allocation, Villa María del Triunfo struggles with underutilized, poorly maintained parks and minimal recreational infrastructure, exacerbating social and environmental vulnerabilities. This study highlights the urgent need for inclusive urban policies that prioritize green space revitalization in underprivileged areas. Recommendations include enhancing existing parks with basic amenities and promote urban green spaces in low socioeconomic districts of Lima. The research contributes to advancing equitable urban development practices and underscores the role of green spaces in promoting environmental justice and well-being in rapidly urbanizing contexts.
• The Role of Traditional Storytelling in El Niño Preparedness in La Libertad, Peru

  Patricio, Ingrid; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Apanovich, Nataliya; Apanovich, Nataliya; Bernal, Sandra (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  This research investigates the role of traditional storytelling in disaster preparedness, focusing on the impacts of the El Niño phenomenon in La Libertad region of Peru. This study examines the intergenerational transfer of knowledge among members of La Libertad and emphasizes the contributions of grandparents in teaching younger generations about environmental patterns, and disaster mitigation practices. The findings of this study reveal the importance of oral storytelling, including natural processes, myths, and observations of natural signs in strengthening community preparedness. However, there are challenges as urbanization, digital media, and Peruvian educational systems that overlook traditional knowledge and threaten the preservation of these sustainable practices. Through interviews with parents from La Libertad and native experts, this research identifies opportunities to integrate native storytelling into formal education, combining traditional knowledge with modern science to improve disaster preparedness and maintain cultural heritage. This study advocates for educational programs and community hands-on practices that promote that future generations can be equipped to face climate challenges while honoring traditional wisdom.
• Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use and Perception of Urban Green Spaces: Case Study of Surquillo, Lima

  Martinez Ruiz, Claudia Marlene; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Apanovich, Nataliya; Bernal, Sandra; Apanovich, Nataliya (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  This study examines the impact of socioeconomic factors on the use and perception of urban green spaces in the Surquillo district of Lima, Peru. Surquillo is divided into two sectors with contrasting socioeconomic profiles: Sector A (middle class) and Sector B (lower-income area). While both sectors belong to the same district, there are notable differences in the quantity, quality, and maintenance of green spaces relying an online survey and literature review, the study reveals that citizens of Sector A report feeling safer and use parks more frequently and for sports and exercise. In contrast, Sector B citizens face poorly maintained parks, lack of safety, and insufficient green spaces, limiting park usage to family and community events. The findings show that more focused investments in infrastructure, maintenance, and security are particularly needed in lower-income areas to support access to green spaces, reinforce social cohesion, and contribute to public health and quality of life equitably for all citizens. This research highlights the critical role of urban green spaces in integrated community well-being and the importance of addressing socioeconomic disparities to create more inclusive and sustainable urban environments.
• Geothermal energy as a sustainable solution for Peru: perceptions of experts and students to address technological, economic and environmental challenges in Arequipa

  Nalvarte Samaniego, Mariana; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Apanovich, Nataliya; Apanovich, Nataliya; Bernal, Sandra (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  Geothermal energy presents a viable solution for sustainable energy development in Peru, particularly in Arequipa, which possesses significant geothermal potential due to its volcanic activity. This study focuses on the perceptions of professionals and students in the sustainable field regarding the social, economic, and environmental challenges of implementing geothermal resources in Arequipa. A qualitative methodology was employed, utilizing perception analysis through interviews with experts and students, alongside a case study of the Achumani Geothermal Project and a comprehensive document review. The results reveal that while geothermal energy can diversify Peru's energy matrix and reduce reliance on hydroelectric power, barriers such as high initial costs and insufficient regulatory frameworks impede its development. The discussion highlights the need for targeted policy recommendations and community engagement to overcome these challenges. Ultimately, this research concludes that harnessing geothermal energy is essential for addressing Arequipa's growing energy demands sustainably and improving local living conditions.
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  Bike lanes and public health in San Juan de Lurigancho: analysis of usage, safety and lifestyle perceptions

  Ángeles, Gustavo; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Apanovich, Nataliya; Apanovich, Nataliya; Bernal, Sandra (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  The urban population faces increasing health problems, many of which can be mitigated by more active lifestyles. Cycling is a prime example of such an activity. This study examines the relationship between cycling infrastructure and health in San Juan de Lurigancho, Lima, Peru, focusing on a section of the bike lanes on Las Flores de Primavera Avenue. Observations and surveys were conducted to analyze the frequency and purpose of bike lane use, residents' perceptions of safety, and their levels of physical activity. The results reveal that while the existence of cycling infrastructure can facilitate mobility, its health benefits are limited by the cultural perception of cycling as a leisure activity rather than as an exercise activity. Additionally, disparities in the quality of bike lane conditions were found to significantly influence perceptions of safety, with well-maintained sections offering a more positive experience than those with infrastructure deficiencies. The study also concluded that lack of time is the main barrier to cycling regularly, with most residents exercised predominantly on weekends. These results highlight the need for improved infrastructure, public safety measures, and campaigns to promote cycling as a health-oriented activity, ensuring its integration into daily life and its potential to address urban health challenges. Overall, this study contributes to expanding the literature on the role of cycling infrastructure in addressing health problems in urban areas.
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  Exploring Blue Zone food practices for sustainability and health in Ica, Peru

  Dhaga del Castillo Echevarria, Alexandra Silvana; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Apanovich, Nataliya; Apanovich, Nataliya; Bernal, Sandra (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  In Ica, a region located in Peru, the export-oriented agriculture is compromising food security, health issues, and environmental sustainability. The study examines the food system of Ica compared to the Blue Zones, regions know for their exceptional longevity and health, aiming to delve into how can Ica's agricultural sector and food system be aligned with Blue Zone principles to improve sustainability and community health. Previous research highlighted how the food component in Blue Zones impacts on mental well-being, physical activity and social connections. To address the food system of Ica, a mixed-methods approach was employed, such as comprehensive literature review, a comparative case study and interviews with residents. The findings emphasize the importance of community engagement in revitalizing traditional dietary practices and emphasize the need for initiatives to promote healthier and sustainable eating habits. By adopting sustainable agricultural practices inspired by Blue Zones Ica could enhance community health and environmental sustainability.
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  Reducing Car Dependency in Los Alamos de Monterrico Urbanization: Sustainable Mobility Solutions

  Robles, Nicolás; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Bernal, Sandra; Apanovich, Nataliya; Bernal, Sandra (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  “Superblocks: An Eye-Catching Solution for Car-Dependent Avenues” Modern cities must urgently confront car dependency, which is damaging to both the environment and social ties. This study investigates the case of Los Álamos de Monterrico, a residential zone in Lima, Peru, where overcoming the automotive dependency is still possible and transforming the residential area into a human-centered zone is a future goal. The study looks at harnessing a new urban planning model, known as Super blocks, specifically designed to reduce pollution and provide residents with greater comfort and mobility while staying resilient against threats from climate change. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines surveys of residents' mobility habits and a comparative analysis of successful super block initiatives in Barcelona and Ciudad Satélite and perception studies from local stakeholders. The goal of this research is to explore how Superblocks can be adopted in different contexts around the world, taking into account the specific local conditions and challenges, and the findings detail how customized adaptations of this urban design framework can contribute to an effective and scalable solution for urban mobility needs, reduce car dependency, and provide a more equitable and sustainable neighborhood environment. Findings are discussed with practical implications and recommendations to deploy such programs in Latin American urban conditions.
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  Urban Sports Equipment as a Revitalizing Element in Areas Facing Land Use Changes from Residential to Commercial and Mixed Use in San Borja, Lima, Perú

  Bernal, Sandra; Palomino, Arturo; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Bernal, Sandra; Bernal, Sandra (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  In San Borja, the rise of mixed-use buildings is altering nearby residential zones, leading some residents to abandon these areas in search of more accessible recreational spaces. This shift raises an important question: How can the introduction of tennis courts in these urban environments enhance social inclusivity and promote healthier lifestyles among the community? Previous research has established the benefits of recreational facilities, yet it often overlooks the specific needs and perceptions of diverse demographic groups within urban settings. To address this gap, a mixed-methods approach was employed, incorporating participant observation and perception analysis with interviews, and surveys to gather comprehensive data on community attitudes toward the proposed tennis courts. The findings indicate a strong interest in these facilities as potential social hubs, particularly among families and seniors, while also revealing concerns about affordability and accessibility for lower-income residents. This highlights the necessity for urban planning that prioritizes equitable access to recreational spaces, fostering community cohesion and well-being. Ultimately, the implications of this research extend beyond San Borja, providing valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners aiming to create inclusive and vibrant urban environments that cater to the needs of all residents, ensuring that everyone can benefit from improved recreational opportunities.
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  SUSTAINABILITY IN PERSEVERATION IN BOHEMIAN DISTRICTS: CASE STUDY IN BARRANCO

  Errea, Camila; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Bernal, Sandra; Bernal, Sandra; Apanovich, Nataliya (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  This research investigates the challenges of gentrification, displacements, and opportunities linked to reusing historic buildings and how they are adapted in the Barranco district of Lima, Peru. Seeing it as a sustainable option for adaptive reuse for new construction that is immersed in important environmental, social, and economic benefits. Previous research demonstrates that this method not only reduces carbon emissions by 70% but also embodies the principles of the circular economy, promoting sustainability through the preservation of cultural heritage and the revitalization of urban spaces. Therefore, by using methodologies such as perception analysis and case studies, within this is the “Entre Ruinas” initiative. The community's perspectives and opinions on the balance and preservation of national cultural heritage concerning modernization are highlighted. A comparison of sustainable certification systems was carried out and the result was that Sites V2 was the theoretical framework that is best suited to guide these restoration projects in the Barranco district. Next, a strong interest was found on the part of the community, thanks to the key findings, in mainly preserving the cultural heritage, reducing the environmental impact, and promoting tourism in the district. Exploring the possibility that adaptive reuse can be a model that focuses on sustainable urban revitalization, not only improving the cultural identity of the district but also its inclusive bohemian development.
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  Scarcity of Cultural Spaces and Sustainable Awareness in Villa El Salvador

  Horna, Stefany; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Bernal, Sandra; Apanovich, Nataliya; Bernal, Sandra (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  The creation of cultural spaces where creative development, discussion of topics on well-being, sustainability, and culture are prioritized is essential, to allow the awakening of the interest of young people and increase their active participation in the community, promoting identity and social cohesion (Spinozzi, 2018). This research examines successful sustainability, cultural, and community wellness strategies in spaces in Tucson, Arizona, and their potential adaptation to the context of Villa El Salvador, Lima, Peru. The community development legacy of Villa El Salvador offers another valuable chance to adapt these strategies to help alleviate the district's gap concerning the cultural spaces and active community participation. Qualitative methods, such as observations and case study analysis, are employed to identify practices that were evaluated to determine their potential use in Villa El Salvador. The use of grey water for irrigation, the organization of cultural and artistic workshops and the use of native plants in green spaces. The results reveal that these practices effectively transform neglected spaces into community spaces. Overall, this research contributes to the urban planning literature by demonstrating how Tucson's strategies can be adapted to Villa El Salvador and similar communities. These findings contribute to the broader body of literature on sustainable and inclusive urban spaces, emphasizing the importance of cultural and environmental initiatives.
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  Demystifying the Impact of Energy and Water Consumption During and After Remote Work

  Battifora, Bertorini; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Bernal, Sandra; Bernal, Sandra (The University of Arizona., 2024-12)

  Consumption patterns have shifted significantly since the pandemic. Key literature sustains that residential electricity consumption increased by 16% during working hours, with an additional 3% rise in areas with more remote workers. This study examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on water and electricity consumption patterns among administrative workers. For this research individual interviews were conducted with a sample of 30 respondents aged 23 to 62, to gather in-depth insights. Additionally, we included a case study of a family-run business in Peru. While the pandemic initially led to significant resource savings during remote work, our findings suggest that there are no notable long-term changes in consumption patterns once workers returned to the office. Instead of the pandemic itself, the research indicates that the work environment and employees' identification with it are the primary factors influencing resource expenditure in offices. Furthermore, smaller companies exhibited more pronounced resource-saving behaviors compared to larger, internationally recognized firms. These insights challenge the prevailing assumptions about pandemic-related changes in consumption habits and underscore the importance of workplace dynamics in resource management.
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  Traditional Housing Solutions for the Navajo Nation

  Bernal, Sandra; Boyd, Kendall; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Gaxiola, Ivan (The University of Arizona., 2024-05)

  This capstone research examined to assess and explores the housing issues indigenous communities face to come up with solutions on how to meet their housing needs when it comes to designing a traditional home. Many Indigenous communities’ houses are very substandard as it can be very overcrowded, system deficiencies, or certain condition within the household. Not to mention the Navajo Nation being a large reservation as the demographic contributes to why it is difficult to have a comfortable income as their lack of jobs in the community, poverty, and no funding from government. When these causes happen, it leads to Indigenous families to not have a quality house and create more stress on families. To fix these issues, this research used literature review, secondary data from pilot study survey, storytelling (interview) and document analysis. The discussions and conclusions allowed to develop a Housing Inspection Deficiency Checklist and Traditional Housing solution diagram as toolkit for the Indigenous people. As well as the potential of what sustainable traditional housing can be on the Navajo Nation.
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  Food Waste at Disney Parks and Resorts

  Delgado, Daniella; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Bernal, Sandra; Wong, Kenny; Apanovich, Nataliya (The University of Arizona., 2024-05)

  This paper dives into the practices and impact of food waste at the Disney Parks and Resorts, with supporting information from regulations in a normal setting restaurant in the hospitality industry and Universal Parks and Resorts. Through an exploration of food waste data and sustainability initiatives, the paper highlights the economic, environmental, and social implications of food waste. It also discusses the importance of education and awareness in addressing this pressing issue. Using a mix of methods combining quantitative analysis and qualitative examination, we aim to uncover differences in how food waste is handled and what it means for the business, Casts, and Guests. Our findings show that there are big gaps between what is happening and what should be happening, pointing to the need for more education on sustainability. Why does this matter? Understanding how theme parks deal with food waste can give us an insight on how to improve food waste management in the hospitality industry around the world. By tackling this problem head-on and providing proper education, we can create a world where we waste less and utilize our resources efficiently.
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  Shading Urban Heat: Exploring Public Perception and Design Preferences for Urban Green Spaces

  McElvain, Quinn; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Apanovich, Nataliya (The University of Arizona., 2024-05)

  Urban heat islands (UHIs) pose significant challenges in urban environments, exacerbated by the scarcity of urban green spaces (UGSs). This research investigates public perceptions and preferences regarding UGSs and their role in mitigating UHIs. Survey results indicate limited familiarity with UHIs but strong engagement with UGSs, despite gaps in understanding broader environmental benefits. In-person interviews underscored the importance of convenience, accessibility and productivity-oriented amenities in UGS selection. A follow-up survey emphasized functionality and natural elements in UGS design, with minimal consideration for sustainable features. While respondents acknowledged UGS benefits, there was a disconnect between understanding and practical application of the concepts. Targeted educational efforts are needed to enhance public awareness of UHIs and UGSs, along with considerations for sustainable design practices to encourage involvement with green space planning that attracts users.
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  Assessing Housing Affordability in New York State: Implications for Sustainability

  Apanovich, Nataliya; Ozamah, Derrick; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Apanovich, Nataliya; Apanovich, Nataliya (The University of Arizona., 2024-05)

  The need for affordable housing includes not only low-income but also middle-income populations and cuts across ethnic groups and socioeconomic classes. This research is about the state of the housing market in New York State and focuses on affordability issues confronting middle-income families. Taking a long-term view from 2000 to 2021, this study analyzes housing affordability trend and its driving factors. Adopting summary statistics as methods of analysis, the study considers the extent of housing cost burdens faced by middle-income earners when compared to their income levels. The findings reveal significant challenges, with many families spending over 300% of their income on housing costs. The mean housing cost-to-income ratio for the study period was approximately 380%, suggesting a consistent burden on middle-income families statewide. This is a sustainability issue because housing unaffordability pushes people to move from climate stable areas to climate unstable areas. The fact that individuals and families are willing to risk moving to a climate unstable area because of housing cost should be a motivation for government incentives and interventions through evidence-based policies.
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  Landscape Disconnect: A Study of the City of Tucson's Landscapes in the 20th Century

  Apanovich, Nataliya; Martin, Ashley; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Apanovich, Nataliya; Apanovich, Nataliya (The University of Arizona., 2024-05)

  The City of Tucson, Arizona, lies within the Sonoran Desert, yet a large portion of landscapes don’t reflect this ecosystem. The 20th Century brought about this disconnect, which is reflected in how we develop our urban greens spaces. Through the investigation of Tucson’s history with urban green spaces, we find that modern technology mixed with unrealistic ideals fueled an increase in exotic plant species use in commercial and residential landscaping. Through city-wide education programs, increased water use rates, and the implementation of native plant focused ordinances, the city was able mend some past mistakes in developing. Today, there is work we can be doing to improve our efforts, with 83% of residents from a local survey requesting more information on the benefits of Arizona native plants.
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  Improving Recycling at the University of Arizona: student behavior and attitudes

  Apanovich, Nataliya; Gammariello, Bethany; College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture; Apanovich, Nataliya (The University of Arizona., 2024-05)

  Waste diversion at higher education institutions in the U.S. remains a growing issue. Recyclable materials that enter landfills have negative environmental impacts as well as expensive landfill service costs for universities. The University of Arizona partnered with a zero waste consulting firm to identify gaps in the current waste management operations by engaging with department head stakeholders, but did not include any form of student engagement. This research targeted the student body to identify ways to improve recycling and zero waste efforts on and around the University of Arizona campus. The research included surveying students about recycling and observations of recycling sites selected by the students. Recommendations were made following the observations and included increasing the amount of recycling bins, ensuring that recycling bins are adjacent to trash cans, standardizing the appearance of recycling bins with the help of labeling, color, and informative graphics, and finally increasing educational opportunities about recycling and zero waste efforts for students at the University of Arizona. Further research should include conducting more student surveys and engaging with the University of Arizona’s Office of Sustainability coordinators in charge of the zero waste campus program in order to identify further gaps and improvements in waste management operations.

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