The hydrology and plant community relations of Canelo Hills Cienega, an emergent wetland in southeastern Arizona

Abstract

An important wetland type in the southwestern United States requiring study is the cienega. Cienega is a Spanish term used for wetlands found in semi-arid grasslands, associated with perennial springs and headwater streams. A field study was conducted at Canelo Hills Cienega in Southeastern Arizona for one year in which changes in water levels, soil water content, and stream flow were monitored. Plant composition, soil classification, and basic geological characteristics were determined as well. Water level fluctuations and flow gradients indicate that this cienega is mostly groundwater dependent and is an effluent system maintaining the perennial nature of the adjacent stream. Mean water levels ranged from.9 cm above the surface to 0.85 m below. Water level fluctuation within the cienega ranged from 1.12 m/yr to 0.18 m/yr. Vegetation occurred in distinct patterns which varied across the cienega in relation to water levels and availability. Dominant genera included Eleocharis, Carex, Juncus, Poa, and Bidens.