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    On inhalation health effects of combustion generated ash aerosol particles

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    Author
    Fernandez, Art
    Issue Date
    2002
    Keywords
    Engineering, Chemical.
    Health Sciences, Public Health.
    Advisor
    Wendt, Jost O. L.
    
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    Show full item record
    Publisher
    The University of Arizona.
    Rights
    Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.
    Abstract
    Epidemiological studies have consistently shown an association between elevated quantities of ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) and acute health effects. The focus here is on health effects of primary PM and is intended to provide insight into the roles of particulate speciation on inhalation toxicity. PM considered consisted of combustion generated ash particles from (1) coal, (2) coal/municipal sewage sludge (MSS) mixture, (3) MSS burned with natural gas assist, (4) coal/refuse derived fuel (unstaged and staged), (5) residual fuel oil (ROFA), (6) combustion generated zinc particles, with and without sulfur, and (7) combustion generated zinc which had been sequestered by sorbent particles. In each case, health effects were investigated in-vivo by direct inhalation by a mouse model. An aerosol re-suspension system that produces aerosol concentrations of ∼1000μg/m³ was designed, and characterized. Particles were characterized with respect to size, elemental composition, leachability, and pH of supernatant. Measured alterations in lung permeability, along with pulmonary functions were used as measurements of lung injury. One-hour exposures were conducted for periods lasting from 1 to 24 days. The validity of assumptions used in the lung permeability measurement technique, was explored using a new mathematical model. In-vivo results indicate two types of lung permeability behavior. Inhalation of ash particles from coal, MSS, residual fuel oil, ZnO, and Zn sequestered by kaolinite caused an initial decrease in lung permeability followed by a "recovery" to control mice values (Type 1 behavior). In contrast, the exposure to ash from coal plus MSS, coal plus RDF, and zinc plus sulfur, triggered an increase in lung permeability (Type 2 behavior). This work demonstrates the value of health effects engineering, combining both combustion engineering and toxicology. Particle speciation is extremely important and sulfated zinc has been identified as a "bad actor". Ash aerosol from either coal or MSS combustion alone produces Type 1 behavior in lung permeability, while ash aerosol from combustion of a mixture of coal and MSS produces Type 2 behavior. The high temperature capture of zinc vapor on kaolinite sorbent greatly mitigates lung injury allowing permeability behaviors to change from Type 2 to Type 1.
    Type
    text
    Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic)
    Degree Name
    Ph.D.
    Degree Level
    doctoral
    Degree Program
    Graduate College
    Chemical and Environmental Engineering
    Degree Grantor
    University of Arizona
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