Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.

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  Distribution of governmental powers in the Philippine Islands; a study of the present government of the Philippine Islands: its structure and the relations of the three branches

  Javier, Juan Y (The University of Arizona., 1929)
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  Does biological intimacy shape ecological network structure? A test using a brood pollination mutualism on continental and oceanic islands

  Hembry, David H.; Raimundo, Rafael L. G.; Newman, Erica A.; Atkinson, Lesje; Guo, Chang; Guimarães, Paulo R.; Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environm; Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol (WILEY, 2018-07)

  1. Biological intimacy-the degree of physical proximity or integration of partner taxa during their life cycles-is thought to promote the evolution of reciprocal specialization and modularity in the networks formed by co-occurring mutualistic species, but this hypothesis has rarely been tested. 2. Here, we test this "biological intimacy hypothesis" by comparing the network architecture of brood pollination mutualisms, in which specialized insects are simultaneously parasites (as larvae) and pollinators (as adults) of their host plants to that of other mutualisms which vary in their biological intimacy (including ant-myrmecophyte, ant-extrafloral nectary, plant-pollinator and plant-seed disperser assemblages). 3. We use a novel dataset sampled from leafflower trees (Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus s. l. [Glochidion]) and their pollinating leafflower moths (Lepidoptera: Epicephala) on three oceanic islands (French Polynesia) and compare it to equivalent published data from congeners on continental islands (Japan). We infer taxonomic diversity of leafflower moths using multilocus molecular phylogenetic analysis and examine several network structural properties: modularity (compartmentalization), reciprocality (symmetry) of specialization and algebraic connectivity. 4. We find that most leafflower-moth networks are reciprocally specialized and modular, as hypothesized. However, we also find that two oceanic island networks differ in their modularity and reciprocal specialization from the others, as a result of a supergeneralist moth taxon which interacts with nine of 10 available hosts. 5. Our results generally support the biological intimacy hypothesis, finding that leaf-flower-moth networks (usually) share a reciprocally specialized and modular structure with other intimate mutualisms such as ant-myrmecophyte symbioses, but unlike nonintimate mutualisms such as seed dispersal and nonintimate pollination. Additionally, we show that generalists-common in nonintimate mutualisms-can also evolve in intimate mutualisms, and that their effect is similar in both types of assemblages: once generalists emerge they reshape the network organization by connecting otherwise isolated modules.
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  Energy Conservation Techniques in Mid-Rise Residential Buildings that Contribute to Mitigate Urban Heat Island in Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

  Chalfoun, Nader; Alamri, Uthman Abdullah; Youssef, Omar; Moeller, Colby (The University of Arizona., 2018)

  The environmental consequences of nonrenewable energy production are present in Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Saudi energy production depends on fossil fuel combustion, which combined with energy production processes, results in the production of anthropogenic heat and greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases raise the concentration of these gases in the atmospheric boundary layer and contribute to the creation of an inversion layer (Sahashi, Hieda, and Yamashita 531-535). This leads to changing climatological parameters and the formation of urban heat islands. The urban heat island phenomena affects the environment around buildings. Rising temperatures are accompanied by extreme heat in the hot, arid, desert weather experienced during the day in Makkah, KSA. The urban heat island effect disturbs buildings’ indoor human thermal comfort. As a result, the building sector in Saudi Arabia accounts for 78% of the energy consumption and cooling load count for 70% of the total (BUILDINGS | Saudi Energy Efficiency Center 2018). Cooling systems produce heat waste, which counts as a source of anthropogenic heat, one of the principles of urban heat island formation that results in a high demand for energy production and anthropogenic heat again. This research aims to mitigate urban heat island formation by focusing on anthropogenic heat reduction from the building itself and power plants (energy consumption and energy production) by applying two packages of energy conservation strategies - Passive and Active - on a case study building in design phase. eQUEST energy modeling software was used to calculate the building’s annual consumption as well as energy saving from the case study after implementing energy conservation strategies. The strategies implemented in this study reduced the energy consumption from 1,119,600 kWh to 535,000 kWh. This accounts for a 53 % reduction of energy consumption, which in turn prevents the release of 730 metric tons of CO2. In summary, the building has a crucial impact on the local environment, and a well-designed building can enhance building energy performance, maintain energy production sources, and prevents climatological changes that happen due to anthropogenic heat production and energy consumption.