The archaeology of Laguna Bustillos Basin, Chihuahua, Mexico

Abstract

Laguna Bustillos Basin in central Chihuahua is one of several closed basins having abundant remains of human occupation. During several field seasons of survey and excavation in this basin and surrounding areas, 75 sites were recorded, and ten of these partially excavated. Objectives of this research were describing archaeological remains, introducing a preliminary culture historical framework for the Ceramic period, and both identifying and addressing topics for research. Late Archaic period sites are abundant in a dunefield north of Laguna Bustillos. Most excavated sites are small Ceramic period rancheria settlements. Radiocarbon dates from these sites span roughly AD 200 to AD 1200, with a preponderance of calibrated dates spanning AD 800-1200. These are referred to as La Cruz sites. Additionally, one multi-component cave site and a cerro de trincheras were tested. The cave provided evidence of repeated use of mountains bounding the north side of Laguna Bustillos Basin. Radiocarbon dates from the cerro de trincheras indicate later occupation, probably after AD 1400. A pit house was excavated in one site 80 km north of Laguna Bustillos. This site is the same radiocarbon age as most or all La Cruz sites but distinctly different, belonging to the Viejo period of Northwest Chihuahua. These results are used to suggest that a social boundary existed between these areas 1000 years ago and that Laguna Bustillos Basin was temporarily abandoned at approximately AD 1200. Cultural persistence and emphatic dependence on local resources by dispersed populations are also viable interests for future research.