A re-examination of Julian Hayden's Malpais model: Field notes, formation processes and the Clovis vs pre-Clovis debate

Abstract

Among Julian Hayden's many substantial contributions to southwestern prehistory is what can be termed the Malpais model. Developed over the course of decades, Hayden's view of prehistory in the extreme deserts of Mexico's Sierra Pinacate region eventually upheld the Malpais model as a pre-Clovis claim. While Julian Hayden's observations and ideas engaged the interest and participation of numerous archaeologists and geologists in his Sierra Pinacate work, the complicated nature of the sites he studied has left the age and nature of Malpais sites an open question. A re-evaluation of Julian Hayden's Malpais model requires: (1) exploration of documents related to Haydens' Sierra Pinacate fieldwork and the conceptual development of the Malpais model; (2) review of current geological and archaeological studies related to the formation processes of sites located in areas of desert pavement; and (3) an examination of the Malpais model with respect to the Clovis versus pre-Clovis controversy.