Cheating to Win: Cardiovascular & Physiological Effects of Performance-Enhancing Agents

Abstract

The current societal factors placed on athletes have been causing a dramatic rise in the use of performance-enhancing drugs and practices in recent years. The intensity of competition and the pressures from increases in talent and skill in athletic competitions have led many athletes to look for illegal and alternative ways of increasing their own performance. The use of these methods, such as blood transfusions, EPO injections, anabolic steroids, and stimulants, has been shown to be detrimental to cardiovascular health and the overall health of users. Side effects may cause permanent damage to vital organs and can lead to death over prolonged use. This literature review explains the mechanisms in which these practices promote performance enhancement in athletes. In addition, the effects of these methods on the cardiovascular system and other vital systems is explained. Finally, the ways in which athletic governing boards test athletes for illegal use of performance-enhancing drugs and practices is described. Many athletic organizations, such as the World Anti-Doping Agency and the International Olympic Committee, have placed bans on these methods of performance enhancement in order to promote fair and safe athletic competitions for all participants.