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dc.contributor.advisorMonks, Terrence J.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMuñoz, Frances M.
dc.creatorMuñoz, Frances M.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2015-03-30T21:03:06Z
dc.date.available2015-03-30T21:03:06Z
dc.date.issued2015
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10150/347337
dc.description.abstractMany pathological conditions, including renal disease, are associated with oxidative stress. 2,3,5-tris(Glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone (TGHQ), a potent nephrotoxic and nephrocarcinogenic metabolite of benzene and hydroquinone, generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), can cause DNA strand breaks, and the subsequent activation of DNA repair proteins, including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1. Under robust oxidative damage, PARP-1 is hyper-activated, which causes elevations in intracellular calcium concentrations (iCa²⁺), NAD⁺ and ATP depletion, and ultimately necrotic cell death. The role of Ca²⁺ in PARP-dependent necrotic cell death remains unclear. We therefore sought to determine the relationship between Ca²⁺ and PARP-1 during TGHQ-induced necrotic cell death in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2). Extracellular Ca²⁺ is responsible for coupling PARP-1 activation to increases in iCa²⁺ during TGHQ-induced cell death. Moreover, organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, which contain intracellular Ca²⁺ stores play no role in increases of iCa²⁺. PARP-1 inhibition attenuates increases in iCa²⁺ induced by TGHQ, and treatment with 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), a store-operated Ca²⁺ channel (SOC) inhibitor, restored cell viability, levels of NAD⁺, and attenuated PAR protein-ribosylation (PARylation). Concurrent with SOC activation having a direct effect on PARP-1 activity, and PARP-1 inhibition attenuating increases in iCa²⁺, the results suggest that PARP-1 and SOCs are coupled during TGHQ-induced cell death. We also explored the relationship between SOC activation and PARP-1 downstream of PARP-1 activity. Poly(ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase (PARG), which catalyzes the degradation of PARs to yield free ADP-ribose (ADPR), is known to activate SOCs. Interestingly, siRNA knockdown of PARG modestly increased PAR ribosylation, but did not restore cell viability in the presence of TGHQ, indicating that free ADPR is not responsible for SOC activation in HK-2 cells. Overall, our results suggest that PARP-1 and Ca²⁺ are coupled through SOC entry, and that this relationship may involve alternative PAR-mediated signaling that leads to necrotic cell death. To further elucidate the role of PAR polymers in response to TGHQ, we determined the cellular co-localization of PAR by immunofluorescent staining. PAR polymers originally co-localized in the nucleus, and in the cytosol at later time points. Immunoprecipitation with a pADPr antibody and further analysis via mass spectrometry revealed PARylation of many stress-related proteins and Ca²⁺-related proteins upon TGHQ treatment. We therefore speculate that cytosolic PAR may cause downstream signaling, PARylating proteins that activate store-operated Ca²⁺ entry either directly through Ca²⁺-related proteins or PARylation of stress-related proteins. Thus, PARylation of proteins may contribute to increases in iCa²⁺ concentrations, leading to PARP-1-dependent necrotic cell death. Our studies provide new insight into PARP-mediated necrotic cell death. Ca²⁺ is coupled to PARP-1 hyperactivation through SOCs, where iCa²⁺ increases are independent of PARG activity, demonstrating a novel signaling pathway for PARP-dependent necrotic cell death.
dc.language.isoen_USen
dc.publisherThe University of Arizona.en_US
dc.rightsCopyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.en_US
dc.subjectCell Deathen_US
dc.subjectHydroquinoneen_US
dc.subjectNecrosisen_US
dc.subjectPARPen_US
dc.subjectTGHQen_US
dc.subjectCalciumen_US
dc.subjectPharmacology & Toxicologyen_US
dc.titleCalcium Modulation of PARP-mediated Cell Deathen_US
dc.typetexten
dc.typeElectronic Dissertationen
thesis.degree.grantorUniversity of Arizonaen_US
thesis.degree.leveldoctoralen_US
dc.contributor.committeememberMonks, Terrence J.en_US
dc.contributor.committeememberLau, Serrine S.en_US
dc.contributor.committeememberRegan, John W.en_US
dc.contributor.committeememberWondrak, Georgen_US
dc.contributor.committeememberBoitano, Scotten_US
thesis.degree.disciplineGraduate Collegeen_US
thesis.degree.disciplinePharmacology & Toxicologyen_US
thesis.degree.namePh.D.en_US
refterms.dateFOA2018-07-02T23:43:53Z
html.description.abstractMany pathological conditions, including renal disease, are associated with oxidative stress. 2,3,5-tris(Glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone (TGHQ), a potent nephrotoxic and nephrocarcinogenic metabolite of benzene and hydroquinone, generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), can cause DNA strand breaks, and the subsequent activation of DNA repair proteins, including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1. Under robust oxidative damage, PARP-1 is hyper-activated, which causes elevations in intracellular calcium concentrations (iCa²⁺), NAD⁺ and ATP depletion, and ultimately necrotic cell death. The role of Ca²⁺ in PARP-dependent necrotic cell death remains unclear. We therefore sought to determine the relationship between Ca²⁺ and PARP-1 during TGHQ-induced necrotic cell death in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2). Extracellular Ca²⁺ is responsible for coupling PARP-1 activation to increases in iCa²⁺ during TGHQ-induced cell death. Moreover, organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, which contain intracellular Ca²⁺ stores play no role in increases of iCa²⁺. PARP-1 inhibition attenuates increases in iCa²⁺ induced by TGHQ, and treatment with 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), a store-operated Ca²⁺ channel (SOC) inhibitor, restored cell viability, levels of NAD⁺, and attenuated PAR protein-ribosylation (PARylation). Concurrent with SOC activation having a direct effect on PARP-1 activity, and PARP-1 inhibition attenuating increases in iCa²⁺, the results suggest that PARP-1 and SOCs are coupled during TGHQ-induced cell death. We also explored the relationship between SOC activation and PARP-1 downstream of PARP-1 activity. Poly(ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase (PARG), which catalyzes the degradation of PARs to yield free ADP-ribose (ADPR), is known to activate SOCs. Interestingly, siRNA knockdown of PARG modestly increased PAR ribosylation, but did not restore cell viability in the presence of TGHQ, indicating that free ADPR is not responsible for SOC activation in HK-2 cells. Overall, our results suggest that PARP-1 and Ca²⁺ are coupled through SOC entry, and that this relationship may involve alternative PAR-mediated signaling that leads to necrotic cell death. To further elucidate the role of PAR polymers in response to TGHQ, we determined the cellular co-localization of PAR by immunofluorescent staining. PAR polymers originally co-localized in the nucleus, and in the cytosol at later time points. Immunoprecipitation with a pADPr antibody and further analysis via mass spectrometry revealed PARylation of many stress-related proteins and Ca²⁺-related proteins upon TGHQ treatment. We therefore speculate that cytosolic PAR may cause downstream signaling, PARylating proteins that activate store-operated Ca²⁺ entry either directly through Ca²⁺-related proteins or PARylation of stress-related proteins. Thus, PARylation of proteins may contribute to increases in iCa²⁺ concentrations, leading to PARP-1-dependent necrotic cell death. Our studies provide new insight into PARP-mediated necrotic cell death. Ca²⁺ is coupled to PARP-1 hyperactivation through SOCs, where iCa²⁺ increases are independent of PARG activity, demonstrating a novel signaling pathway for PARP-dependent necrotic cell death.


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