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    Phage Fate: Infection Dynamics and Outcomes in a Marine Virus - Host System

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    Author
    Howard-Varona, Cristina
    Issue Date
    2015
    Keywords
    Bacteriophage
    Efficient lytic
    Inefficient lytic
    Phage-host interactions
    Transcriptomics
    Molecular & Cellular Biology
    Bacteria
    Advisor
    Sullivan, Matthew B.
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Publisher
    The University of Arizona.
    Rights
    Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.
    Embargo
    Release after 31-May-2016
    Abstract
    Viruses infecting bacteria (phages) are the most abundant and ubiquitous entities on Earth and likely critical to any ecosystem, as they influence nutrient cycling, mortality and evolution. Ultimately, their impact depends on whether phage—host interactions lead to intracellular phage coexistence (temperate phage) or cell death (lytic phage). Temperate phages in the lysogenic cycle replicate their genome (either integrated into the host chromosome or extrachromosomally), until induced to become lytic, when they create and release progeny via cell lysis. While knowledge on lytic versus lysogenic outcomes is vast, it largely derives from few model systems that underrepresent natural diversity. Further, less is known about the efficiency of phage—host interactions and the regulation of optimal versus sub-optimal lytic infections, which are predicted as relevant under environmental (nutrients, temperature) and host (availability, density) conditions that are common in the ocean. In this dissertation I characterize the phage—host interactions in a new marine model system, phage ϕ38:1 and its Cellulophaga baltica bacterial host, member of the ubiquitous Bacteroidetes phylum. First, I show ϕ38:1’s ability to infect numerous, genetically similar strains of the C. baltica species, two of which display contrasting infection outcomes–lytic versus sub-optimally lytic or lysogenic on the original versus alternative hosts, respectively. Second, I collaboratively apply new gene marker-based approaches (phageFISH and geneELISA) to study ϕ38:1’s infection at the single-cell level and show that it is sub-optimal on the alternative host, rather than lysogenic. Third, I collaboratively develop whole-genome transcriptome datasets for ϕ38:1 infecting both, the optimal and sub-optimal hosts, to characterize the cellular response to infection and hypothesize potential transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the sub-optimal infection. Together, these findings advance our knowledge of naturally-occurring phage—host interactions with a focus on nearly-unstudied sub-optimal infections.
    Type
    text
    Electronic Dissertation
    Degree Name
    Ph.D.
    Degree Level
    doctoral
    Degree Program
    Graduate College
    Molecular & Cellular Biology
    Degree Grantor
    University of Arizona
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