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    Accelerated evolution of 3'avian FOXE1 genes, and thyroid and feather specific expression of chicken FoxE1

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    Author
    Yaklichkin, Sergey Yu
    Darnell, Diana
    Pier, Maricela
    Antin, Parker
    Hannenhalli, Sridhar
    Affiliation
    Penn Center for Bioinformatics, 1424 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
    Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, PO Box 245217, 1656 E. Mabel, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
    Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, 3104G Biomolecular Sciences Building (#296), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
    Issue Date
    2011
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Publisher
    BioMed Central
    Citation
    Yaklichkin et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:302 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/302
    Journal
    BMC Evolutionary Biology
    Rights
    © 2011 Yaklichkin et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)
    Collection Information
    This item is part of the UA Faculty Publications collection. For more information this item or other items in the UA Campus Repository, contact the University of Arizona Libraries at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.
    Abstract
    BACKGROUND:The forkhead transcription factor gene E1 (FOXE1) plays an important role in regulation of thyroid development, palate formation and hair morphogenesis in mammals. However, avian FOXE1 genes have not been characterized and as such, codon evolution of FOXE1 orthologs in a broader evolutionary context of mammals and birds is not known.RESULTS:In this study we identified the avian FOXE1 gene in chicken, turkey and zebra finch, all of which consist of a single exon. Chicken and zebra finch FOXE1 are uniquely located on the sex-determining Z chromosome. In situ hybridization shows that chicken FOXE1 is specifically expressed in the developing thyroid. Its expression is initiated at the placode stage and is maintained during the stages of vesicle formation and follicle primordia. Based on this expression pattern, we propose that avian FOXE1 may be involved in regulating the evagination and morphogenesis of thyroid. Chicken FOXE1 is also expressed in growing feathers. Sequence analysis identified two microdeletions in the avian FOXE1 genes, corresponding to the loss of a transferable repression domain and an engrailed homology motif 1 (Eh1) C-terminal to the forkhead domain. The avian FOXE1 proteins exhibit a significant sequence divergence of the C-terminus compared to those of amphibian and mammalian FOXE1. The codon evolution analysis (dN/dS) of FOXE1 shows a significantly increased dN/dS ratio in the avian lineages, consistent with either a relaxed purifying selection or positive selection on a few residues in avian FOXE1 evolution. Further site specific analysis indicates that while relaxed purifying selection is likely to be a predominant cause of accelerated evolution at the 3'-region of avian FOXE1, a few residues might have evolved under positive selection.CONCLUSIONS:We have identified three avian FOXE1 genes based on synteny and sequence similarity as well as characterized the expression pattern of the chicken FOXE1 gene during development. Our evolutionary analyses suggest that while a relaxed purifying selection is likely to be the dominant force driving accelerated evolution of avian FOXE1 genes, a few residues may have evolved adaptively. This study provides a basis for future genetic and comparative biochemical studies of FOXE1.
    EISSN
    1471-2148
    DOI
    10.1186/1471-2148-11-302
    Version
    Final published version
    Additional Links
    http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/302
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1186/1471-2148-11-302
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