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    Restoring monarch butterfly habitat in the Midwestern US: ‘all hands on deck’

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    Name:
    Thogmartin_2017_Environ._Res._ ...
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    FInal Published Version
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    Author
    Thogmartin, Wayne E
    López-Hoffman, Laura
    Rohweder, Jason
    Diffendorfer, Jay
    Drum, Ryan
    Semmens, Darius
    Black, Scott
    Caldwell, Iris
    Cotter, Donita
    Drobney, Pauline
    Jackson, Laura L
    Gale, Michael
    Helmers, Doug
    Hilburger, Steve
    Howard, Elizabeth
    Oberhauser, Karen
    Pleasants, John
    Semmens, Brice
    Taylor, Orley
    Ward, Patrick
    Weltzin, Jake F
    Wiederholt, Ruscena
    Show allShow less
    Affiliation
    Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environm
    Issue Date
    2017-07-01
    Keywords
    agriculture
    Asclepias syriaca
    conservation design
    Danaus plexippus
    glyphosate
    milkweed
    strategic habitat conservation
    
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    Show full item record
    Publisher
    IOP PUBLISHING LTD
    Citation
    Restoring monarch butterfly habitat in the Midwestern US: ‘all hands on deck’ 2017, 12 (7):074005 Environmental Research Letters
    Journal
    Environmental Research Letters
    Rights
    © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd
    Collection Information
    This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.
    Abstract
    The eastern migratory population of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus plexippus) has declined by >80% within the last two decades. One possible cause of this decline is the loss of >= 1.3 billion stems of milkweed (Asclepias spp.), which monarchs require for reproduction. In an effort to restore monarchs to a population goal established by the US Fish and Wildlife Service and adopted by Mexico, Canada, and the US, we developed scenarios for amending the Midwestern US landscape with milkweed. Scenarios for milkweed restoration were developed for protected area grasslands, Conservation Reserve Program land, powerline, rail and roadside rights of way, urban/suburban lands, and land in agricultural production. Agricultural land was further divided into productive and marginal cropland. We elicited expert opinion as to the biological potential (in stems per acre) for lands in these individual sectors to support milkweed restoration and the likely adoption (probability) of management practices necessary for affecting restoration. Sixteen of 218 scenarios we developed for restoring milkweed to the Midwestern US were at levels (>1.3 billion new stems) necessary to reach the monarch population goal. One of these scenarios would convert all marginal agriculture to conserved status. The other 15 scenarios converted half of marginal agriculture (730 million stems), with remaining stems contributed by other societal sectors. Scenarios without substantive agricultural participation were insufficient for attaining the population goal. Agricultural lands are essential to reaching restoration targets because they occupy 77% of all potential monarch habitat. Barring fundamental changes to policy, innovative application of economic tools such as habitat exchanges may provide sufficient resources to tip the balance of the agro-ecological landscape toward a setting conducive to both robust agricultural production and reduced imperilment of the migratory monarch butterfly.
    ISSN
    1748-9326
    DOI
    10.1088/1748-9326/aa7637
    Version
    Final published version
    Sponsors
    US Geological Survey's John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis
    Additional Links
    http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/12/i=7/a=074005?key=crossref.98a63f7bb1a65fa0c3552b6c88f3ae99
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1088/1748-9326/aa7637
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    UA Faculty Publications

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