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    Comparison of Fluoride Levels in Tap and Bottled Water and Reported Use of Fluoride Supplementation in a United States–Mexico Border Community

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    Author
    Victory, Kerton R.
    Cabrera, Nolan L.
    Larson, Daniela
    Reynolds, Kelly A.
    Latura, Joyce
    Thomson, Cynthia A.
    Beamer, Paloma I.
    Affiliation
    Univ Arizona, Mel & Enid Zuckerman Coll Publ Hlth
    Univ Arizona, Coll Educ
    Issue Date
    2017-04-27
    Keywords
    low-income families
    fluoride
    bottled water
    tap water
    dental caries
    United States-Mexico border
    Latino
    health disparities
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Publisher
    FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
    Citation
    Comparison of Fluoride Levels in Tap and Bottled Water and Reported Use of Fluoride Supplementation in a United States–Mexico Border Community 2017, 5 Frontiers in Public Health
    Journal
    Frontiers in Public Health
    Rights
    © 2017 Victory, Cabrera, Larson, Reynolds, Latura, Thomson and Beamer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).
    Collection Information
    This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.
    Abstract
    Background: Compared to the general United States (U.S.) population, Arizona counties along the U.S.-Mexico border have a higher prevalence of dental caries, which can be reduced with adequate fluoride exposure. Because of concern regarding local tap water quality, fluoride-free bottled water consumption is common in this region, raising concern that families are not receiving adequate fluoride to promote dental health. Objective: To evaluate the levels of fluoride in tap and bottled water as well as the use of fluoride supplements in an Arizona border community. Methods: Low-income Latino households (n = 90) who report use of bottled water as their primary source of water intake were recruited. Participants completed a questionnaire about their and their children's dental histories and use of fluoride supplements. Water samples (bottled and tap) were collected from a subset of households (n = 30) for analysis of fluoride. Results: Fluoride detection levels were significantly greater (p = 0.02, Fisher's exact test) in tap water (average = 0.49 mg/dL) than in bottled water, yet, the majority (22/30) were below the range for optimal dental health (0.7-1.2 mg/L). Concentration of fluoride in the majority (29/30) of bottled water samples was below the quantitative detection limit of 0.4 mg/L. Children were significantly less likely to have dental caries if they received fluoride varnishing treatments (p = 0.01, Fisher's exact test), lived in households that reported using fluoridated mouthwash (p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test), their parents received fluoride education (p = 0.01, Fisher's exact test), and their parents reported visiting a dentist yearly (p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). Furthermore, none of the participants reported receiving recommendations from health-care providers about fluoride supplementation or variance in content by the type of water consumed. Conclusion: Although fluoride was significantly more likely to be detected in tap than bottled water, neither water source in this border community is likely to provide enough fluoride for optimal dental health. Low-income children in this region may benefit from regular access to fluoride varnishing treatments and/or use of fluoridated mouthwash, interventions that could be tested in future well-designed trials.
    Note
    Open Access Journal.
    ISSN
    2296-2565
    PubMed ID
    28497034
    DOI
    10.3389/fpubh.2017.00087
    Version
    Final published version
    Sponsors
    Water, Environmental, and Energy Solutions (WEES) through the University of Arizona Technology and Research Initiative Fund (TRIF); Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center [NIEHS P30 ES006694]; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [K25 HL103970]
    Additional Links
    http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00087/full
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.3389/fpubh.2017.00087
    Scopus Count
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