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    An HST/STIS Optical Transmission Spectrum of Warm Neptune GJ 436b

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    Author
    Lothringer, Joshua D. cc
    Benneke, Björn
    Crossfield, Ian J. M.
    Henry, G. cc
    Morley, Caroline V. cc
    Dragomir, Diana cc
    Barman, Travis S. cc
    Knutson, Heather
    Kempton, Eliza
    Fortney, Jonathan J. cc
    McCullough, Peter cc
    Howard, Andrew W. cc
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    Affiliation
    Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab
    Issue Date
    2018-01-17
    Keywords
    planetary systems
    planets and satellites: atmospheres
    planets and satellites: individual (GJ 436b)
    stars: individual (GJ 436)
    techniques: spectroscopic
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Publisher
    IOP PUBLISHING LTD
    Citation
    An HST/STIS Optical Transmission Spectrum of Warm Neptune GJ 436b 2018, 155 (2):66 The Astronomical Journal
    Journal
    The Astronomical Journal
    Rights
    © 2018. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
    Collection Information
    This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.
    Abstract
    GJ 436b is a prime target for understanding warm Neptune exoplanet atmospheres and a target for multiple James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Guaranteed Time Observation programs. Here, we report the first space-based optical transmission spectrum of the planet using two Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) transit observations from 0.53 to 1.03 mu m. We find no evidence for alkali absorption features, nor evidence of a scattering slope longward of 0.53 mu m. The spectrum is indicative of moderate to high metallicity (similar to 100-1000x solar), while moderate-metallicity scenarios (similar to 100x. solar) require aerosol opacity. The optical spectrum also rules out some highly scattering haze models. We find an increase in transit depth around 0.8 mu m in the transmission spectra of three different sub-Jovian exoplanets (GJ 436b, HAT-P-26b, and GJ 1214b). While most of the data come from STIS, data from three other instruments may indicate this is not an instrumental effect. Only the transit spectrum of GJ 1214b is well fit by a model with stellar plages on the photosphere of the host star. Our photometric monitoring of the host star reveals a stellar rotation rate of 44.1 days and an activity cycle of 7.4 years. Intriguingly, GJ 436 does not become redder as it gets dimmer, which is expected if star spots were dominating the variability. These insights into the nature of the GJ 436 system help refine our expectations for future observations in the era of JWST, whose higher precision and broader wavelength coverage will shed light on the composition and structure of GJ 436b's atmosphere.
    ISSN
    1538-3881
    DOI
    10.3847/1538-3881/aaa008
    Version
    Final published version
    Sponsors
    NASA [NAS 5-26555]; NASA from Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-GO-13308, HST-GO-13665]; NSF; Tennessee State University; State of Tennessee through Centers of Excellence Program
    Additional Links
    http://stacks.iop.org/1538-3881/155/i=2/a=66?key=crossref.32dea01f31a240a9054b4098c94d15c0
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.3847/1538-3881/aaa008
    Scopus Count
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    UA Faculty Publications

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