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    Designing a network of critical zone observatories to explore the living skin of the terrestrial Earth

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    esurf-5-841-2017.pdf
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    Description:
    Final Published Version
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    Author
    Brantley, Susan L.
    McDowell, William H. cc
    Dietrich, William E.
    White, Timothy S.
    Kumar, Praveen
    Anderson, Suzanne P.
    Chorover, Jon
    Lohse, Kathleen Ann
    Bales, Roger C.
    Richter, Daniel D.
    Grant, Gordon
    Gaillardet, Jérôme
    Show allShow less
    Affiliation
    Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci
    Issue Date
    2017-12-18
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Publisher
    COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
    Citation
    Designing a network of critical zone observatories to explore the living skin of the terrestrial Earth 2017, 5 (4):841 Earth Surface Dynamics
    Journal
    Earth Surface Dynamics
    Rights
    © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
    Collection Information
    This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.
    Abstract
    The critical zone (CZ), the dynamic living skin of the Earth, extends from the top of the vegetative canopy through the soil and down to fresh bedrock and the bottom of the groundwater. All humans live in and depend on the CZ. This zone has three co-evolving surfaces: the top of the vegetative canopy, the ground surface, and a deep subsurface below which Earth's materials are unweathered. The network of nine CZ observatories supported by the US National Science Foundation has made advances in three broad areas of CZ research relating to the co-evolving surfaces. First, monitoring has revealed how natural and anthropogenic inputs at the vegetation canopy and ground surface cause subsurface responses in water, regolith structure, minerals, and biotic activity to considerable depths. This response, in turn, impacts aboveground biota and climate. Second, drilling and geophysical imaging now reveal how the deep subsurface of the CZ varies across landscapes, which in turn influences aboveground ecosystems. Third, several new mechanistic models now provide quantitative predictions of the spatial structure of the subsurface of the CZ. Many countries fund critical zone observatories (CZOs) to measure the fluxes of solutes, water, energy, gases, and sediments in the CZ and some relate these observations to the histories of those fluxes recorded in landforms, biota, soils, sediments, and rocks. Each US observatory has succeeded in (i) synthesizing research across disciplines into convergent approaches; (ii) providing long-term measurements to compare across sites; (iii) testing and developing models; (iv) collecting and measuring baseline data for comparison to catastrophic events; (v) stimulating new process-based hypotheses; (vi) catalyzing development of new techniques and instrumentation; (vii) informing the public about the CZ; (viii) mentoring students and teaching about emerging multidisciplinary CZ science; and (ix) discovering new insights about the CZ. Many of these activities can only be accomplished with observatories. Here we review the CZO enterprise in the United States and identify how such observatories could operate in the future as a network designed to generate critical scientific insights. Specifically, we recognize the need for the network to study network-level questions, expand the environments under investigation, accommodate both hypothesis testing and monitoring, and involve more stakeholders. We propose a driving question for future CZ science and a hubs-and-campaigns model to address that question and target the CZ as one unit. Only with such integrative efforts will we learn to steward the life-sustaining critical zone now and into the future.
    Note
    Open access journal.
    ISSN
    2196-632X
    DOI
    10.5194/esurf-5-841-2017
    Version
    Final published version
    Sponsors
    CZO Science Across Virtual Institutes Project; NSF [EAR 13-31726, EAR 13-31906, EAR 13-31872, EAR 13-31846, EAR 13-31408, EAR13-31828, EAR 14-45246, EAR 13-31841, EAR13-31940]
    Additional Links
    https://www.earth-surf-dynam.net/5/841/2017/
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.5194/esurf-5-841-2017
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