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    Sedona Sinkholes and Groundwater Flow: The Geologic History of Their Evolution, Coconino and Yavapai Counties, Arizona

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    Author
    Lindberg, P.A.
    Issue Date
    2010-04-01
    Keywords
    Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Reports
    Paleozoic
    Cambrian
    Devonian
    Mississippian
    Pennsylvanian
    Permian
    Tertiary
    Pliocene
    Miocene
    Pleistocene
    Quaternary
    Lolo Mai Spring
    Devils Dining Room
    Devils Kitchen
    Red Rock State Park
    Yavapai County
    Coconino County
    Sedona
    Transition Zone
    Verde Valley
    Verde graben
    Mogollon Highlands
    Laramide orogeny
    structural geology
    basalts
    Rim Gravels
    Devils Kitchen Sinkhole
    Martin Dolomite
    Schnebly Hill Formation
    Esplanade Sandstone
    Hermit Formation
    stratigraphy
    geochronology
    megafauna
    artesian wells
    joints
    Redwall Limestone
    geologic hazard
    groundwater
    karst formation
    sinkhole
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    Metadata
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    Citation
    Lindberg, P.A., 2010, Sedona Sinkholes and Groundwater Flow: The Geologic History of Their Evolution, Coconino and Yavapai Counties, Arizona: Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-10-C, 67 p. and 1 map plate.
    Publisher
    Arizona Geological Survey (Tucson, AZ)
    Description
    Seven sinkholes surround the city of Sedona in Coconino and Yavapai Counties, Arizona. They occur in surface bedrock of Permian age Esplanade Sandstone, Hermit formation, and Schnebly Hill Sandstone, but the causative source is from the collapse of subsurface water-filled caves in Mississippian Redwall Limestone that underlies those formations. The original Mississippian-age Redwall karst surface has undergone two additional phases of dissolution enlargement in later geologic time. The first occurred after the Laramide uplift of the Mogollon Highlands when northeast flowing streams penetrated the exposed Redwall Limestone erosion surface, and the second took place following the generation of the Verde graben ~10 million years ago when regional drainage reversal took place. Pre-graben Miocene basalt lava flows that overlie eroded Paleozoic strata are present on either side of, and faulted within, the Verde graben closed depression. Post-graben erosion generated the Mogollon Rim escarpment in the northern portion of the Verde Valley and allowed surface streams to erode the broad Dry Creek and Margs Draw valleys. Oak Creek fault, and the erosion of its canyon, is much younger than the faulting that generated the Verde graben. Over time water flow through the Sedona area evolved from surface flow to dominantly groundwater flow, mainly due to leakage through abundant northwest-southeast oriented rock joints and permeable fault zones into underlying cavernous Redwall Limestone. USGS oxygen isotope studies show that water recharge entering the northeastern part of the Upper Verde watershed, and passing beneath the greater Sedona area, originated high on the Colorado Plateau above 6900 feet before discharging at a rate of ~15 millions of gallons per day at artesian springs in the Page Springs area to the southwest of Sedona. Dissolution caves in the underlying Redwall Limestone have now enlarged to the point where their sandstone roof rocks have collapsed into limestone caves over the past several thousand years. Devils Kitchen sinkhole has historic records of collapse in the 1880s, 1989 and 1995, and it will continue to collapse in future years. Six additional sinkholes are in various stages of collapse from modern time and possibly to the end of the last Ice Age. While the danger of future collapse is probably minimal to humans, unregulated septic leakage into hidden sinkhole breccias within the town limits could contaminate groundwater being tapped for municipal use or the contamination of the Page Springs outflow. The report contains geologic maps, cross sections, photographs and individual features of the sinkholes as of the end of 2009.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10150/630604
    Additional Links
    https://library.azgs.arizona.edu/
    Language
    en
    Series/Report no.
    CR-10-C
    Rights
    Arizona Geological Survey. All rights reserved.
    Collection Information
    Documents in the AZGS Document Repository collection are made available by the Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS) and the University Libraries at the University of Arizona. For more information about items in this collection, please contact azgs-info@email.arizona.edu.
    North Bounding Coordinate
    34.8832
    South Bounding Coordinate
    34.8401
    West Bounding Coordinate
    -111.789
    East Bounding Coordinate
    -111.743
    Collections
    AZGS Document Repository

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