Conditions for Reionizing the Universe with a Low Galaxy Ionizing Photon Escape Fraction

Abstract

We explore scenarios for reionizing the intergalactic medium with low galaxy ionizing photon escape fractions. We combine simulation-based halo mass-dependent escape fractions with an extrapolation of the observed galaxy rest-ultraviolet luminosity functions to solve for the reionization history from z = 20 -> 4. We explore the posterior distributions for key unknown quantities, including the limiting halo mass for star formation, the ionizing photon production efficiency, and a potential contribution from active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We marginalize over the allowable parameter space using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, finding a solution that satisfies the most model-independent constraints on reionization. Our fiducial model can match observational constraints with an average escape fraction of < 5% throughout the bulk of the epoch of reionization if (i) galaxies form stars down to the atomic cooling limit before reionization and a photosuppression mass of log(M-h/M-circle dot) similar to 9 during/after reionization (-13 < M-UV,M- lim < -11), (ii) galaxies become more efficient producers of ionizing photons at higher redshifts and fainter magnitudes, and (iii) there is a significant but subdominant contribution by AGNs at z less than or similar to 7. In this model, the faintest galaxies (M-UV > -15) dominate the ionizing emissivity, leading to an earlier start to reionization and a smoother evolution of the ionized volume-filling fraction than models that assume a single escape fraction at all redshifts and luminosities. The ionizing emissivity from this model is consistent with observations at z = 4-5 (and below, when extrapolated), in contrast to some models that assume a single escape fraction. Our predicted ionized volume-filling fraction at z = 7 of Q(HII) = 78% (+/- 8%) is in modest (similar to 1 sigma-2 sigma) tension with observations of Ly alpha emitters at z similar to 7 and the damping-wing analyses of the two known z > 7 quasars, which prefer Q(HII, z) = 7 similar to 40%-50%.