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    Do non-human primates really represent others' ignorance? A test of the awareness relations hypothesis

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    Cognition_awareness_relations_ ...
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    Description:
    Final Accepted Manuscript
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    Author
    Horschler, Daniel J
    Santos, Laurie R
    MacLean, Evan L
    Affiliation
    Univ Arizona, Cognit Sci Grad Interdisciplinary Program
    Univ Arizona, Dept Psychol
    Univ Arizona, Cognit Sci Program
    Univ Arizona, Sch Anthropol
    Issue Date
    2019-09
    Keywords
    Comparative cognition
    Knowledge representation
    Social cognition
    Theory of mind
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Publisher
    ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
    Citation
    Horschler, D. J., Santos, L. R., & MacLean, E. L. (2019). Do non-human primates really represent others’ ignorance? A test of the awareness relations hypothesis. Cognition, 190, 72-80.
    Journal
    COGNITION
    Rights
    © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
    Collection Information
    This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.
    Abstract
    Non-human primates can often predict how another agent will behave based on that agent's knowledge about the world. But how do non-human primates represent others' knowledge states? Researchers have recently proposed that non-human primates form "awareness relations" to attribute objectively true information to other minds, as opposed to human-like representations that track others' ignorance or false belief states. We present the first explicit test of the awareness relations hypothesis by examining when rhesus macaques' understanding of other agents' knowledge falters. In Experiment 1, monkeys watched an agent observe a piece of fruit (the target object) being hidden in one of two boxes. While the agent's view was occluded, either the fruit moved out of its box and directly back into it, or the box containing the fruit opened and immediately closed. We found that monkeys looked significantly longer when the agent reached incorrectly rather than correctly after the box's movement, but not after the fruit's movement. This result suggests that monkeys did not expect the agent to know the fruit's location when it briefly and arbitrarily moved while the agent could not see it, but did expect the agent to know the fruit's location when only the box moved while the agent could not see it. In Experiment 2, we replicated and extended both findings with a larger sample, a different target object, and opposite directions of motion in the test trials. These findings suggest that monkeys reason about others' knowledge of objects by forming awareness relations which are disrupted by arbitrary spatial manipulation of the target object while an agent has no perceptual access to it.
    Note
    12 month embargo; available online 24 April 2019
    ISSN
    0010-0277
    EISSN
    1873-7838
    PubMed ID
    31026672
    DOI
    10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.012
    Version
    Final accepted manuscript
    Sponsors
    NIMH [R01MH096875]; NCRR [CM-5-P40FtR003640-13]; Emil W. Haury Fellowship from the School of Anthropology at the University of Arizona; Graduate College at the University of Arizona; Yale University
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.012
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    UA Faculty Publications

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