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dc.contributor.authorLaufenberg, David
dc.contributor.authorThoma, David
dc.contributor.authorHansen, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorHu, Jia
dc.date.accessioned2020-03-25T18:50:54Z
dc.date.available2020-03-25T18:50:54Z
dc.date.issued2020-01-19
dc.identifier.citationLaufenberg, D.; Thoma, D.; Hansen, A.; Hu, J. Biophysical Gradients and Performance of Whitebark Pine Plantings in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Forests 2020, 11, 119.en_US
dc.identifier.issn1999-4907
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/f11010119
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10150/638067
dc.description.abstractResearch Highlights: The efficacy of planting for restoration is important for ecosystem managers. Planting efforts represent an opportunity for conserving and managing species during a population crisis. Background and Objectives: Federal agencies have been planting whitebark pine (WBP), an important subalpine species that is late to mature and long-lived, for three decades in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). These efforts have been met with varying success, and they have not been evaluated beyond the first five years post-planting. Ecosystem managers will continue to plant WBP in the GYE for years to come, and this research helps to inform and identify higher quality habitat during a period of changing climate and high GYE WBP mortality rates. Materials and Methods: We use a combination of field sampling and a water balance model to investigate local biophysical gradients as explanatory variables for WBP performance at twenty-nine GYE planting sites. Results: We found that the WBP growth rate was positively correlated with actual evapotranspiration (AET) and was greatest when cumulative growing season AET was above 350 mm. Growth rate was not strongly affected by competition at the levels found in this study. However, site density change over time was negatively affected by mean growing season temperature and when more than five competitors were present within 3.59 m radius. Conclusions: If they make it to maturity, trees that are planted this season will not begin to produce cones until the latter half of this century. We recommend planting efforts that optimize AET for growth rate objectives, minimize water deficit (WD) that cause stress and mortality, and removing competitors if they exceed five within a short distance of seedlings.en_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.rightsCopyright © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).en_US
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_US
dc.subjectforest managementen_US
dc.subjectwildland healthen_US
dc.subjectwhitebark pineen_US
dc.subjectwater balanceen_US
dc.titleBiophysical Gradients and Performance of Whitebark Pine Plantings in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystemen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.contributor.departmentUniv Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environmen_US
dc.identifier.journalFORESTSen_US
dc.description.noteOpen access journalen_US
dc.description.collectioninformationThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.en_US
dc.eprint.versionFinal published versionen_US
dc.identifier.piif11010119
dc.source.journaltitleForests
dc.source.volume11
dc.source.issue1
dc.source.beginpage119
refterms.dateFOA2020-03-25T18:50:55Z


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Copyright © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Copyright © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).