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    Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies on value recovery from hard disk drives

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    HDD LCA manuscript_repository.pdf
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    1.266Mb
    Format:
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    Description:
    Final Accepted Manuscript
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    HDD LCA_Supporting Info.zip
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    Author
    Jin, Hongyue
    Frost, Kali
    Sousa, Ines
    Ghaderi, Hamid
    Bevan, Alex
    Zakotnik, Miha
    Handwerker, Carol
    Affiliation
    Univ Arizona, Dept Syst & Ind Engn
    Issue Date
    2020-06
    Keywords
    Hard disk drive
    Value recovery
    Circular economy
    Rare earth element
    Rare earth magnet
    Life cycle assessment
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Publisher
    Elsevier BV
    Citation
    Jin, H., Frost, K., Sousa, I., Ghaderi, H., Bevan, A., Zakotnik, M., & Handwerker, C. (2020). Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies on value recovery from hard disk drives. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 157, 104781.
    Journal
    RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING
    Rights
    © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
    Collection Information
    This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.
    Abstract
    Value recovery from end-of-life hard disk drives (HDDs) is a promising strategy to promote a circular economy due to the valuable material content, large availability, and regulated disposal for data security. However, current business practices are limited to reuse or shredding of HDDs for base metal recovery, which are not optimal for environmental sustainability. In particular, the neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets, which contain rare earth elements (REEs) that have significant environmental impacts and supply chain risks, are not recovered. To address this challenge, technologies are emerging to enable REE recovery from HDDs. This work focuses on comparing novel technologies, including direct reuse of magnet assemblies, magnet-to-magnet recycling, and recovery of REEs. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed on each recovery pathway to quantify and compare the environmental impacts. Primary data were collected from Seagate and other key stakeholders in the HDD value chain. LCA results showed that reusing HDDs is the most environmentally friendly option in terms of global warming potential, reducing CO2 eq. emissions by 5-18 kg per drive life cycle, when compared to the virgin production and shredding for aluminum recovery. Reuse of magnet assembly is the next best option (reducing 1.9 kg of CO2 eq. emissions), followed by magnet-to-magnet recycling (-1.2 kg of CO2 eq. emissions), and metal recycling (-0.02 kg of CO2 eq. emissions). Environmental hotspots were also identified, revealing the significant contribution of intercontinental transportation mode for the reverse logistics. Future research is suggested on optimizing the reverse supply chain to reduce the environmental footprint of HDD value recovery.
    Note
    24 month embargo; available online 29 February 2020
    ISSN
    0921-3449
    DOI
    10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104781
    Version
    Final accepted manuscript
    Sponsors
    U.S. Department of Energy
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104781
    Scopus Count
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    UA Faculty Publications

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