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    Functional Resource Heterogeneity Increases Livestock and Rangeland Productivity

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    Author
    Fynn, Richard W. S.
    Issue Date
    2012-07-01
    Keywords
    adaptive grazing
    forage quality
    grazing
    management
    key resources
    nutrient loss rates
    seasonal variation
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Citation
    Fynn, R. W. (2012). Functional resource heterogeneity increases livestock and rangeland productivity. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 65(4), 319-329.
    Publisher
    Society for Range Management
    Journal
    Rangeland Ecology & Management
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10150/642641
    DOI
    10.2111/REM-D-11-00141.1
    Additional Links
    https://rangelands.org/
    Abstract
    Most of the world’s rangelands are subject to large spatial and temporal variation in forage quantity and quality, which can have severe consequences for the stability and profitability of livestock production. Adaptive foraging movements between functional seasonal resources can help to ameliorate the destabilizing effects on herbivore body stores of spatial and temporal variability of forage quantity and quality. Functional dry-season habitats (key resources) provide sufficient nutrients and energy to minimize reliance on body stores and are critical for maintaining population stability by buffering the effects of drought. Functional wet-season habitats dominated by short, nutritious grasses facilitate optimal intake of nutrients and energy for lactating females, for optimal calf growth rates and for building body stores. Adaptive foraging responses to high-quality focal patches induced by rainfall and disturbance further facilitate intake of nutrients and energy. In addition, focused grazing impact in high-quality patches helps to prevent grassland maturing and losing quality. In this regard, the design of many rotational grazing systems is conceptually flawed because of their inflexible movement of livestock that does not allow adaptation to spatial and temporal variability in forage quantity and quality or sufficient duration of stay in paddocks for livestock to benefit from self facilitation of grazing. Similarly the fixed intraseasonal resting periods of most rotational grazing systems might not coincide with the key pulses of nitrogen mineralization and rainfall in the growing season, which can reduce their efficiency in providing a functional recovery period for grazed grasses. This might explain why complex rotational grazing systems on average have not outperformed continuous grazing systems. It follows, therefore, that ranchers need to adopt flexible grazing management practices that allow adaptation to spatial and temporal variability in forage quantity and quality, allow facilitation of grazing (season-long grazing), and allow more effective recovery periods (season-long resting)./La mayoría de los pastizales del mundo estásujeta a gran variación espacial y temporal en cantidad y calidad de forraje, lo cual puede tener severas consecuencias con la estabilidad y rentabilidad de la producción de ganado. El movimiento adaptativo del pastoreo entre la funcionalidad temporal de los recursos puede ayudar a reducir el efecto desestabilizador en la reserva corporal de los herbívoros de la variabilidad espacial y temporal de la cantidad y calidad del forraje. Hábitats funcionales de temporada seca (recursos clave) proveen de suficientes nutrientes y energía para minimizar la dependencia de reservas corporales y son criticas para mantener la estabilidad de la población y efecto amortiguador de la sequia. Hábitats funcionales de temporada húmeda dominados por pastos cortos nutritivos facilitan el consume óptimo de nutrientes y energía para hembras lactantes paralas tasas de crecimiento optimo del becerro por la construcción de reservas corporales. La respuesta adaptativa al pastoreo en áreas específicas de alta calidad inducidos por la lluvia y disturbio además facilita el consumo de nutrientes y energía. En suma, focalizando el impacto del pastoreo en parches de alta calidad ayuda a prevenir la maduración del pasto y pérdida de calidad. Eneste contexto, el diseño de varios sistemas de pastoreo tiene la falla conceptual en la nula flexibilidad del movimiento del ganadoque no permite la adaptación espacial y temporal en la variación en la calidad y cantidad del forraje o suficiente tiempo de estancia en el potrero por el ganado para beneficiarse de auto facilitación del pastoreo. De manera similar, los periodos de descanso fijos intratemporales de la mayoría de los sistemas de pastoreo no podrían coincidir con los pulsos claves de lamineralización del nitrógeno y lluvia en la época de crecimiento la cual podría reducir la eficiencia en proveer recuperación funcional del periodo de los pastos pastoreados. Esto podría explicar porque sistemas de pastoreo complejos tienen en promedio un bajo desempeño comparado con el pastoreo continuo. Se desprende por lo tanto, que los rancheros necesitan adopter prácticas de manejo de pastoreo flexible que permita adaptar la variabilidad espacial y temporal de la cantidad y calidad del forraje permitiendo facilitar el pastoreo (temporal-permanente pastoreo) y periodos de recuperación más efectivos (temporal-permanente descanso).
    Type
    text
    Article
    Language
    en
    ISSN
    0022-409X
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.2111/REM-D-11-00141.1
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Rangeland Ecology & Management, Volume 65, Number 4 (July 2012)

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