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    • Journal of Range Management, Volume 47 (1994)
    • Journal of Range Management, Volume 47, Number 6 (November 1994)
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    Ungulate herbivory of willows on Yellowstone's northern winter range

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    Author
    Singer, F. J.
    Mark, L. C.
    Cates, R. C.
    Issue Date
    1994-11-01
    Keywords
    Alces alces
    climate change
    Salix
    Cervus elaphus
    species differences
    growth
    tannins
    secondary metabolites
    digestibility
    Wyoming
    browsing damage
    nitrogen content
    drought
    water stress
    altitude
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    Citation
    Singer, F. J., Mark, L. C., & Cates, R. C. (1994). Ungulate herbivory of willows on Yellowstone's northern winter range. Journal of Range Management, 47(6), 435-443.
    Publisher
    Society for Range Management
    Journal
    Journal of Range Management
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10150/644492
    DOI
    10.2307/4002993
    Additional Links
    https://rangelands.org/
    Abstract
    Effects of unmanaged populations of large mammalian herbivores, especially elk (Cervus elaphus on vegetation is a concern in Yellowstone National Park, since wolves (Canis Lupus) are extirpated, ungulate migrations are altered by human activities and the disruption of natural process is possible. Stands of low, hedged (height-suppressed) willows (Salix spp.) are observed throughout the greater Yellowstone National Park area where high densities of wintering elk or moose (Alces alces) exist. The height of 47% of the willow stands surveyed on Yellowstone's northern winter range has been suppressed. Mean leader use of willows of all heights was (P < 0.05 in the winter of 1987-88, increased to 60% in winter 1988-89, following the drought and fires of 1988, then declined to 44% in 1989-90 and winter 1990-96. Height-suppressed willows (43 +/- 2 cm, mean +/- SE) were about one-half as tall as tall willows (83 +/- 4 cm). Percent twig use of suppressed willows in summer (25%) and winter (59%) was significantly more than for intermediate or tall stands (P < 0.05). Suppressed willows produced about one-fourth the aboveground annual biomass compared to taller willows; even after 27 or 31 years of protection, previously-suppressed willows produced only one-third the aboveground biomass of taller willows, suggesting suppressed willows grow on sites with lower growth potential. Growth conditions for willows on the northern winter range may have declined due to a warmer and drier climate this century, locally reduced water tables—because of the decline on beaver (Castor canadenis), or fire suppression may be responsible for the observed changes. Tall and intermediate-height willows contained higher concentrations of nitrogen and they exhibited more water stress than height-suppressed willows of the same species. More xeric growth conditions this century than last century, especially during the decades of the 1920's, 1930's, and 1980's, may explain the low growth rates and lower chemical defenses against ungulate herbivory for height-suppressed willows. We propose a more xeric climate and locally-reduced water tables likely contributed to the willow declines on the northern winter range, but that the proximate factor in the declines was herbivory by native ungulates.
    Type
    text
    Article
    Language
    en
    ISSN
    0022-409X
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.2307/4002993
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Journal of Range Management, Volume 47, Number 6 (November 1994)

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