New Dating Evidence for North Sea Trade between England, Scotland, and Norway in the 11th Century AD

Abstract

This study follows on from previous research at Perth, Scotland, in which we dated carbonized food residues removed from the external surface of rim sherds of cooking pots of London Sandy Shellyware pottery (Museum of London Pottery Fabric Code SSW). The 15 residues that were dated produced 14C ages between 910 +/- 35 and 1085 +/- 40 BP. We have now carried out radiocarbon measurements on similar residues from the same fabric obtained from the Billingsgate excavations in London and the Bryggen excavations in Bergen, Norway. The London and Bergen measurements gave age ranges of 905 +/- 35 to 1115 +/- 35 BP and 920 +/- 35 to 1055 +/- 35 BP, respectively, both very similar to the Perth age range. The measurements at each site are in agreement with our Bayesian model assumption that they belong to a single phase of activity. The model estimates the introduction of London Sandy Shellyware in London to cal AD 820-1020, in Perth to cal AD 930-1020, and in Bergen to cal AD 980-1030 (95% probability). Further modeling predicts that it fell out of use in the reverse order.