Blood lead concentration and its associated factors in preschool children in eastern Iran: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background Lead is a toxic metal that affects almost every organ in the body. Children are more susceptible to lead toxicity because they ingest non-food items (pica), have oral exploratory habits, absorb more substantial amounts of ingested lead compared to adults, and have a developing central nervous system. This study describes venous blood lead concentrations (BLC) in young children living in Birjand, Iran. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in 2016 on children 1-7 years of age who were referred to healthcare centers in Birjand City. Demographic information was obtained, and their BLC was tested using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Results Four hundred children were tested. Their mean age was 52.37 +/- 23.77 months; their mean BLC was 2.49 +/- 2.64 mu g/dL (median 1.85 mu g/dL). Thirty-two (8%) children had a BLC > 5 mu g/dL. A logistic regression model revealed that per one unit of increase in age, the chance of an elevated BLC decreased by 3% (OR (95%CI): 0.97 (0.96-0.99),p < 0.01). The risks of an elevated BLC was 61% lower in girls compared to boys (OR (95%CI): 0.39 (0.17-0.92),p = 0.03). Further, per one rate of increase in the BMI, the chance of an elevated BLC was higher (OR (95%CI): 1.13 (1.02-1.24),p = 0.01). Children whose fathers were laborers had higher BLC than those with employee fathers (p = 0.01). Conclusion Of 400 children aged 1-7 years old living in Birjand, Iran, 8% had elevated BLC. BLC correlated with the child 's age, gender, body mass index, and father's occupation.