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dc.contributor.authorDing, Yijun
dc.contributor.authorClarkson, Eric W.
dc.contributor.authorAshok, Amit
dc.date.accessioned2021-09-21T21:00:16Z
dc.date.available2021-09-21T21:00:16Z
dc.date.issued2021-08-14
dc.identifier.citationDing, Y., Clarkson, E. W., & Ashok, A. (2021). Invertibility of multi-energy X-ray transform. Medical Physics.en_US
dc.identifier.issn0094-2405
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/mp.15168
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10150/661845
dc.description.abstractPurpose: The goal is to provide a sufficient condition for the invertibility of a multi-energy (ME) X-ray transform. The energy-dependent X-ray attenuation profiles can be represented by a set of coefficients using the Alvarez–Macovski (AM) method. An ME X-ray transform is a mapping from (Formula presented.) AM coefficients to (Formula presented.) noise-free energy-weighted measurements, where (Formula presented.). Methods: We apply a general invertibility theorem to prove the equivalence of global and local invertibility for an ME X-ray transform. We explore the global invertibility through testing whether the Jacobian of the mapping (Formula presented.) has zero values over the support of the mapping. The Jacobian of an arbitrary ME X-ray transform is an integration over all spectral measurements. A sufficient condition for (Formula presented.) for all (Formula presented.) is that the integrand of (Formula presented.) is (Formula presented.) (or (Formula presented.)) everywhere. Note that the trivial case of the integrand equals 0 everywhere is ignored. Using symmetry, we simplified the integrand of the Jacobian to three factors that are determined by the total attenuation, the basis functions, and the energy-weighting functions, respectively. The factor related to the total attenuation is always positive; hence, the invertibility of the X-ray transform can be determined by testing the signs of the other two factors. Furthermore, we use the Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) to characterize the noise-induced estimation uncertainty and provide a maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator. Results: The factor related to the basis functions is always negative when the photoelectric/Compton/Rayleigh basis functions are used and K-edge materials are not considered. The sign of the energy-weighting factor depends on the system source spectra and the detector response functions. For four special types of X-ray detectors, the sign of this factor stays the same over the integration range. Therefore, when these four types of detectors are used for imaging non-K-edge materials, the ME X-ray transform is globally invertible. The same framework can be used to study an arbitrary ME X-ray imaging system, for example, when K-edge materials are present. Furthermore, the ML estimator we presented is an unbiased, efficient estimator and can be used for a wide range of scenes. Conclusions: We have provided a framework to study the invertibility of an arbitrary ME X-ray transform and proved the global invertibility for four types of systems.en_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherWileyen_US
dc.rights© 2021 The Authors. Medical Physics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association of Physicists in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License.en_US
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/en_US
dc.subjectinvertibilityen_US
dc.subjectmulti-energy X-ray imagingen_US
dc.subjectspectral X-ray imagingen_US
dc.subjectX-rayen_US
dc.titleInvertibility of multi‐energy x‐ray transformen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.identifier.eissn2473-4209
dc.contributor.departmentDepartment of Medical Imaging, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizonaen_US
dc.contributor.departmentWyant College of Optical Sciences, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizonaen_US
dc.identifier.journalMedical Physicsen_US
dc.description.noteOpen access articleen_US
dc.description.collectioninformationThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.en_US
dc.eprint.versionFinal published versionen_US
dc.identifier.pii10.1002/mp.15168
dc.source.journaltitleMedical Physics
refterms.dateFOA2021-09-21T21:00:16Z


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© 2021 The Authors. Medical Physics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association of Physicists in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License.
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as © 2021 The Authors. Medical Physics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association of Physicists in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License.