X-Rays in Cepheids: Identifying Low-mass Companions of Intermediate-mass Stars

Abstract

X-ray observations have been made of a sample of 20 classical Cepheids, including two new observations (Polaris and l Car) reported here. The occurrence of X-ray flux around the pulsation cycle is discussed. Three Cepheids are detected (δ Cep, β Dor, and Polaris). X-rays have also been detected from the low-mass F, G, and K companions of four Cepheids (V473 Lyr, R Cru, V659 Cen, and W Sgr) and one hot companion (S Mus). Upper limits on the X-ray flux of the remaining Cepheids provide an estimate that 28% have low-mass companions. This fraction of low-mass companions in intermediate-mass Cepheids is significantly lower than expected from random pairing with the field initial mass function (IMF). Combining the companion fraction from X-rays with that from ultraviolet observations results in a binary/multiple fraction of 57% ± 12% for Cepheids with ratios q > 0.1 and separations a >1 au. This is a lower limit since M stars are not included. X-ray observations detect less massive companions than other existing studies of intermediate-mass stars. Our measured occurrence rate of unresolved, low-mass companions to Cepheids suggests that intermediate-period binaries derive from a combination of disk and core fragmentation and accretion. This yields a hybrid mass ratio distribution that is skewed toward small values compared to a uniform distribution but is still top-heavy compared to random pairings drawn from the IMF. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.